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cdc yellowbook > Parasitic (A-E) > Flashcards

Parasitic (A-E) Flashcards

1
Q

what parasite cause Amebiasis?

A

protozoan parasite Entamoeba histolytica, and possibly other Entamoeba spp.

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2
Q

who is at greater risk for severe amebiasis disease?

A

pregnant, immunocompromised, diabetes, alcoholism

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3
Q

what are symptoms of amebiasis?

A

cramps, bloody or watery diarrhea, weight loss which might lat several weeks

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4
Q

what is extraintestinal amebiasis?
what are the symptoms?

A

amebiasis to other organs most commonly the liver - right upper quandrant abdominal pain, fever, weight loss –> amebic liver abscess

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5
Q

how to treat amebiasis?

A

symptomatic:
metronidazole or tinidazole,
then iodoquinol or paromomycin

asymptomatic: iodoquinol or paromomycin

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6
Q

why do you treat asymptomatic amebiasis?

A

4-10% develop disease within 1 year if untreated

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7
Q

how to treat large amebic liver abscesses (>5 cm in diameter)?

A

drain the abscess + metronidazol or tinidazole

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8
Q

what causes angiostrongyliasis?

A

angiostrongylus cantonensis, rat lungworm
a nematode parasite

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9
Q

what is intermediate hosts of rat lungworm?
what is paratenic hosts?

A

intermediate hosts: slugs and snails

paratenic hosts (eating hosts): larvae - freshwater crabs, frogs, shrimp

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10
Q

how are angiostrongyliasis transmitted to human?

A

eat infected intermediate or paratenic host

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11
Q

what is the most infectious cause of eosinophilic meningitis in humans?

A

angiostrongyliasis (A. cantonensis)

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12
Q

where have the cases been occurred for angiostrongyliasis (eosinophilic meningitis)?

A

Asia, Pacific Basin (e.g. parts of Australia, mainland China, Taiwan, Thailand, Hawaii, other Pacific Islands)

Central and South America,
the Caribbean, and parts of the continental US

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13
Q

what are the symptoms of angiostrongyliasis?

A

1-3 weeks incubation;
body aches, headache, fatigue, photophobia, stiff neck, abnormal skin sensations (e.g. tingling or painful feelings), nausea, vomiting

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14
Q

what can happen if severe cases of angiostrongyliasis?

A

blindness, paralysis, or death

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15
Q

how to treat angiostrongyliasis?

A

no anti-helminthic drugs;
albendazole has been combined with corticosteroids in some cases but concern of exacerbating symptoms due to a systemic response to dying worms.

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16
Q

how to prevent angiostrongyliasis?

A

avoid eating raw or undercooked slugs, snails, and other possible hosts;
avoid eating raw produce (e.g. lettuce) unless it has been thoroughly washed with clean water

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17
Q

which parasites cause cryptosporidiosis?

A

genus Cryptosporidium,
Cryptosporidium hominis & Cryptosporidium parvum >90% of infection

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18
Q

how is cryptosporidium transmitted?

A

drinking or recreational water;
contact with fecally contaminated surfaces;
eating food, or through contact with infected animals (pre-weaned bovine calves) or people

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19
Q

what are symptoms of cryptosporidium?

A

non-bloody, watery diarrhea;
generally self-limited; but risky if immunocompromised (can have cholera-like diarrhea)

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20
Q

when does the diarrhea start after exposure of cryptosporidium?

A

less than 2 weeks - 5-7 days

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21
Q

which med is used to treat cryptosporidium in immunocompetent (not immunocompromised) people aged 1 year and over?

A

nitazoxanide

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22
Q

is chlorine and iodine able to kill cryptosporidium oocyts?

A

no!
recommend filtering 1 micro filter or boiling for 1 min.

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23
Q

what do you recommend patients with cryptosporidiosis in regards to swimming?

A

no swim for the 2 weeks after symptoms have completely resolved

24
Q

what parasite cause cutaneous larva migrans skin infection?

A

larval stages of dog and cat hookworms (usually Ancylostoma spp.)

25
Q

how does hookworms get transmitted?

A

skin contact with contaminated sand or soil

26
Q

where are zoonotic hookworms found in the world?

A

Africa, South America, Asia, Caribbean
beaches, sandboxes where free-roaming dogs and cats defecate

27
Q

what is the clinical presentation of hookworm infection / cutaneous larva migrans?

A

serpiginous, erythematous track in the skin;
intense itching and mild swelling;
mostly feet, lower legs, buttocks

28
Q

how to treat hookworm infection / cutaneous larva migrans?

A

migrating larvae usually die after 5-6 weeks - self-limiting;
alendazole very effective;
Ivermectin effective but not approved by FDA for this indication;

29
Q

which parasite cause cyclosporiasis?

A

cyclospora cayetanensis;
coccidian protozoan parasite

30
Q

where does cyclosporiasis occur?

A

most common in tropical and subtropical regions;
Guatemala (may-august)
Nepal (May-october)
Turkey (July-nov)

31
Q

what are the symptoms of cyclosporiasis?

A

~1week incubation;
watery diarrhea, which can be profuse.
if untreated, the illness can last for several weeks or months with a remitting-relapsing course

32
Q

how to treat cyclospriasis?

A

trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole

33
Q

what parasite cause cysticercosis?

A

Taenia solium, a cestode parasite

34
Q

how does Taenia solium get transmitted to humans?

A

human carrier excrete eggs –> ingestion of eggs through food or close contact

35
Q

what does eating undercooked pork containing cysticerci results?

A

tapeworm infection (taeniasis), not human cysticercosis

36
Q

where is cysticercosis endemic to?

A

Latin America, Sub-Saharan Africa, East Asia, India

37
Q

how long is the latent period for cysticercosis?

A

months to decades

38
Q

what are the symptoms of cysticercosis?

A

cysts in the brian - seizures, increased intracranial pressure, encephalitis, symptoms of space-occupying lesinos (e.g. seizures), and hydrocephalus

39
Q

how do you diagnose cysticercosis?

A

CT, MRI;
serologic testing to confirm - enzyme-linked immunotransfer blot (EITB)

40
Q

how to treat cysticercosis?

A

control of symptoms - anticonvulsants, corticosteroids, or both;
albendazole, praziquantel is not indicated for all;
surgical intervention

40
Q

how does Echinococcus get transmitted?

A

ingestion of Echinoccocus eggs in feces of hosts (foxes, other canids, dogs, etc.);
hand to mouth, food, water, soil

41
Q

what is causing agent of Echinococcosis?

A

cestode parasites;
genus Echinococcus;
Echinococcus multilocularis,
Echinococcus granulosus

42
Q

what are 2 main forms of echinococcosis in humans and 1 rare form?

and causing agents?

A

alveolar echinococcosis (AE) - E. multilocularis

cystic echinococcosis (CE) - E. granulosus

neotropical echinococcosis (NE) -rare - E. vogeli and E. oligarthrus

43
Q

where are alveolar echinococcosis (AE) occuring?

A

northern hemisphere - North America, Eurasia

44
Q

where does cystic echinococcosis (CE) occur?

A

Africa, Americas (South America - foci within Peru), Australia, Eurasia, including in pastoral and rangeland areas, wehre transmission often is maintained by dog-sheep-dog cycles

45
Q

where does neotropical echinococcosis (NE) occur?

A

rural settlements near tropical forests in Central and South America

46
Q

how to treat alveolar echinococcosis and cystic echinococcosis?

A

complete surgical removal of infected tissue and long term benzimidazole therapy - if not treated, ultimately lead to death

46
Q

what are the characteristics or symptoms of alveolar echinococcosis and cystic echinococcosis?

A

AE and CE could remain asymptomatic for years;
AE affects the liver, and can be metastatic;
CE - lesions are cystic (referred to as hydatid cysts) and most commonly develop in the liver, and lungs, but cysts can develop in other organ systems

47
Q

what is the infectious agent causing enterobiasis?

A

Enterobius vermicularis, intestinal nematode (roundworm)

48
Q

how do you get enterobiasis?

A

ingesting infective pinworm eggs through fecal-oral route, indirectly by handling bedding, clothing, or other articles contaminated by eggs; can be airborne (inhalation from air and dust possible)

49
Q

what is clinical presentation of enterobiasis?

A

incubation 1-2 months;
perianal itching - severe, causing sleep disturbances and irritability;
adult worms can migrate from the anal area to the urethra, vagina, vulva, or other sites;
appendicitis and enuresis are reported as possible associated conditions

50
Q

how to diagnose enterobiasis?

A

visible near the anus 2-3 hours after the infected person is asleep;
visual inspection of undergarments or bedding;
microscopic identification

51
Q

how to treat enterobiasis?

A

albendazole, pyrantel pamoate, mebendazole - single dose, 2nd dose 2 weeks after;
all household member should be treated

52
Q

how to prevent enterobiasis?

A

hand washing;
change bed linens and underclothing of infected children first thing in the morning;
laundering in hot water and drying in a hot dryer;
bathe in the morning

53
Q
A

cdc yellowbook (26 decks)

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