Asia Flashcards
should you consider cholera vaccine for travel to Burma?
yes if going to active cholera transmission (localized to the divisions of Yangon regions);
which enteric diseases are endemic to Burma?
hep A;
Opisthorchiasis (Liver fluke) - caused by Opisthorchis viverrini - enedmic in the Greater Mekong subregion in SE Asia - avoid eating undercooked freshwater fish;
Typhoid
what are respiratory infections in Burma?
Avian influenza (avoid visiting bird markets and poultry farms);
TB - among the 20 countries with the highest TB burdens - 338 cases per 100,000;
what are some soil/waterborne infections in Burma?
leptospirosis - common;
schistosomiasis - low risk in Bago regions, Rakhine and Shan states
what are some vectorborne diseases in Burma?
chikun, deng, zika;
JE - vaccine if long stay >1 month or higher-risk activities;
malaria (certain areas);
is rabies a risk in Burma?
yes - one of the highest rates
which snakes are in Burma?
Russell’s viper (Daboia russelii) and cobra
what is the concern of typhoid and paratyphoid fever in Cambodia?
endemic and antimicrobial resistance is common.
what is the concern of TB in Cambodia?
one of the region’s highest rates of active TB - 46000 cases annually
what is soil/waterborne infections in Cambodia?
leptospirosis & melioidosis during rainy season;
schistosomiasis - liver flukes - Schistosoma mekongi are found in Mekong River basin from the border of Laos to Kratie Provice in Cambodia
swimming in freshwater should be avoided
what are vectorborne diseases in Cambodia?
chikung, deng, zika;
JE;
malaria (certain area)
is rabies a risk in Cambodia?
YES - 400 death annually - if planning extensive travel to rural areas, get vaccine
how many venomous species are found in Cambodia?
at least 17 species
which enteric infections are concern in China?
Brucellosis - occurs in pastoral areas, particularly the NW - avoid raw or unpasteurized milk and undercooked meat products;
hep E - highly endemic, drinking untreated water, eating undercooked meats, or staying in areas with poor sanitation;
Polio - Pakistan border;
Typhoid - in rural areas
is TB a concern in China ?
only moderately endemic-
avoid unpasteurized milk
what STI is a concern in China?
drug-resistant gonorrhea is increasingly prevalent
what is soil/waterborne infections in China?
schistosomias & leptospirosis
what are vectorbone diseases in China?
chikung, dengue;
JE;
Plague - sporadically in norther and SW areas;
TBE - NE of china during Mar-Nov - vaccine if outdoor activities during that season
is rabies a concern in China?
yes!
is Cholera a concern in India?
yes
what are enteric infections in India?
cholera, Giardiasis;
Hep E - highly endemic, major cause of acute viral hepatitis and acute liver failure, risk during pregnancy/pregnancy outcome;
Typhoid & paratyphoid - even for short-term travel!
what are some endemic fungi that cause respiratory infections in India?
Aspergillosis - airborne fungi;
cryptococcosis;
histoplasmosis;
mucormycosis - mucorales spp - underlying diabetes mellitus and glucocorticoid steroid use are among the major risk factors for mucormycosis in India
is TB a concern in India?
yes 25% of all TB from India
what is skin infection concern in India?
superficial dermatophytosis - fungal strain that is highly resistant to treatment
is helminths a concern in India?
yes - 65% soil-transmitted helmith infection in SE Asia, 27% of all cases globally;
roundworm - Ascaris lumbricoides;
hookworm - Ancylostoma duodenale and Necatur americanus;
whipworm - trichuris trichiura
what are vectorborne diseases in India?
chikun, deng, zika;
JE;
Leishmaniasis (Kala Azar) - Visceral leishmaniasis;
Lymphatic Filariasis - Aedes, Anopheles, Culex mosquito spp.;
malaria (certain area);
rickettsial diseases - scrub typhus is the most common;
is rabies a concern in India?
yes - highest burden of rabies in the world!
And, IG not available in India!
which enteric infection is endemic to Nepal?
Cyclospora cayetanensis - highly endemic - intestinal protozoal pathogen causing cyclosporiasis –> treat with trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole;
hep E - endemic
what are vectorborne infections in Nepal?
Dengue !
JE
Malaria (certain areas)
is rabies a concern in Nepal
yes! dogs and monkeys
which enteric disease is endemic to Thailand?
typhoid fever
is TB a concern in Thailand?
yes - high burden of TB ; immunocompromised travelers for extended visits could be at risk for TB
what are soil/waterborne infections in Thailand?
leptospirosis & meliodosis
where is meliodosis highly endemic to Thailand?
NE region
what are some vectorbone diseases in Thailand?
dengu & zika;
JE;
Malaria;
is rabies a concern in Thailand?
yes only small risk persists
Vietnam reports cases of a variety of trematode infections includig…
Fasciola gigantica
Fasciola hepatica
(flukes liver)
Paragonimus genus (lung fluke)
what are some concerns of respiratory infection in Vietnam?
avia influenza;
TB (high burden and drug resistant TB)
what are soil/waterborne infections in Vietnam?
leptospirosis (infrequent report);
schistosomiasis is not a risk in Vietnam!
what are some vectorborne infection in Vietnam?
Dengu, zika
JE
malaria
is rabies a concern in Vietnam?
75 death per year;
dogs mostly;
