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Clin Path > Parasites3 > Flashcards

Parasites3 Flashcards

1
Q

Giardia spp.

A
  • Giardiasis
  • Motile (feeding) form lives in small intestine
  • Cyst form is passed in feces
  • Incubation period is 3 to 35 days
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2
Q

Importance, Diagnosis, Transmission Giardia

A
  • Importance→diarrhea
  • Diagnosis→ Fecal direct smear with iodine
  • Transmitted by ingestion of contaminated feed or water.
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3
Q

Treatment of Giardia

A

Metronidazole (Flagyl®)

Fecal antigen test available

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4
Q

Syndrome of Giardiasis

A

 Human– usually asymptomatic
• – nausea, vomiting, diarrhea, abdominal pain, bloating
 Animal– subclinical
 diarrhea, wt. loss

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5
Q

Occurrence of Giardiasis

A

 Most common parasitic infection in developed countries- rate of infection is
 1-30% in surveyed stool samples

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6
Q

Control and prevention of Giardiasis

A

 Personal hygiene
 Protect water supplies from contamination w/ feces
 Filter public water supplies

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7
Q

Babesia canis

A
  • Bloodborne parasite

* Microscopic parasite visible under high power magnification in a blood smear

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8
Q

Importance, Diagnosis, Control of Babesia canis

A
  • Importance- can cause hemolytic anemia
  • Diagnosis- stained blood smear, Ab test
  • Control- treat infected animals, tick control
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9
Q

Cryptosporidiosis

A

• Disease caused by a protozoan parasite capable of infecting many animals
• Causative organism: Cryptosporidium parvum
Smaller than giardia cyts
• Incubation period is 3 to 7 days

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10
Q

Occurrence, Transmission of cryptosporidiosis

A
  • Occurrence- Infection found in 1-4.5% of stool samples surveyed in the U.S. and Europe
  • Transmission- Ingestion of oocysts passed in animal or human feces
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11
Q

Diagnosis, Treatment of cryptosporidiosis

A
  • Diagnosis- Microscopic examination of feces for oocysts, fecal antigen test
  • Treatment- Nitazoxanide, supportive care
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12
Q

Control and prevention of cryptosporidiosis

A

o Good personal hygiene
o Dispose of feces in a sanitary manner
o Filter public water supplies
o Immunocompromised individuals should avoid contact w/ diarrheic animals or people

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13
Q

Toxoplasmosis

A
  • Protozoal disease transmitted from cats to humans
  • Causative organism: Toxoplasma gondii
  • Incubation period is 1 to 4 weeks (average 7-14 days)
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14
Q

Syndrome of Toxoplasmosis

A 
•	Human-- usually asymptomatic
	fever, swollen lymph nodes
	cardiac, pulmonary, and CNS dz.
	birth defects
•	Animals-- usually subclinical
	  -- abortion in sheep, pigs, and goats
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15
Q

Mortality, Transmission of Toxoplasmosis

A

• Mortality- Low, higher risk for immunocompromised individuals, newborns, fetus
• Transmission
o Ingestion of oocysts in cat feces
o Ingestion of cysts from infected meat

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16
Q

Diagnosis, Treatment of Toxoplasmosis

A
  • Diagnosis- Serology

* Treatment- Antiparasitics

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17
Q

Control and prevention of Toxoplasmosis

A

o Avoid contact w/ cat feces or contaminated soil

o Cook meat thoroughly

18
Q

External Parasites

A
  • “Ectoparasites”
  • Live or feed upon the skin of an animal
  • Their presence is referred to as an “infestation”
  • Two groups of arthropods are the most important external parasites= Insects and Arachnids
19
Q

Arachnids

A
  • Ticks, mites
  • Body divided into 2 segments: a fused head/thorax and an abdomen
  • 8 legs originate from the abdomen of the adult parasite
20
Q

Insects

A

• Lice, fleas, flies

  • Body divided into 3 segments: head, thorax, abdomen
  • 6 legs originate from the thorax
21
Q

Damage caused by external parasites

A

o Irritation- biting and crawling
o Loss of body conditionà decrease food intake
o Anemia- blood loss
o Disease transmission- Ehrlichiosis, lyme disease, rocky mountain spotted fever

22
Q

Diagnosis of infestation of external parasites

A

o Some visible to the naked eye

o Some easily collected by skin scraping for microscopic identification

23
Q

Transmission, Diagnosis, Treatment of Giardiasis

A
  • Transmission- Ingestion of cysts passed in the feces of infected humans or animals
  • Diagnosis- Microscopic examination of feces for cysts, fecal antigen test
  • Treatment- Antiparasitics
24
Q

Sarcocystosis

A
  • Disease caused by a protozoan parasite found in beef or pork
  • Causative organism: Sarcocystis spp.
  • Incubation period is 2 weeks
25
Q

Syndrome of Sarcocystosis

A

o Human– usually asymptomatic
o nausea, diarrhea, discomfort
o Animal– subclinical

26
Q

Transmission of Sarcocystosis

A

o Ingestion of infected raw or undercooked beef or pork

o Ingestion of oocysts in human feces

27
Q

Occurrence, Diagnosis, Treatment of Sarcocystosis

A
  • Occurrence- Common in underdeveloped countries w/ poor hygiene
  • Diagnosis- Microscopic examination of feces for oocysts
  • Treatment- Antiparasitics
28
Q

Control and prevention of Sarcocystosis

A

o Good personal hygiene
o Prevent contamination of livestock feed w/ human feces
o Cook meat well

29
Q

Syndrome of cryptosporidiosis

A

o Human– asymptomatic
 – anorexia, nausea, vomiting, watery diarrhea, abdominal cramps
o Animal– watery diarrhea in calves 1-2 weeks old, can cause death

30
Q

Seasonal variation of external parasites

A

o Ectoparasites that spend their entire life cycle on the host are a problem year round
o Ectoparasites that spend part of their life cycle off the host need warmth to proliferate more effectively

31
Q

Ctenocephalides spp.

A
  • “Flea”
  • Adult is 3-4 mm flattened laterally w/ powerful legs for leaping, piercing/ sucking mouth parts
  • Eggs 0.5 mm white, oval
32
Q

Importance, Diagnosis, Control of Ctenocephalides

A
  • Importance- Irritation and itching, loss of body condition, flea allergy dermatitis, disease transmission
  • Diagnosis- Fleas and flea dirt in hair coat
  • Control- Treat host and environment w/insecticide
33
Q

Plague

A

• One of the oldest diseases affecting man
• Caused by a bacteria maintained in rodent populations
o Yersinia pestis
• Incubation period is 2 to 6 days

34
Q

Syndrome of Plague

A

o Human– fever, chills, myalgia, sore throat, headache
 lymph node enlargement (bubonic)
 septicemia w/ development of pulmonary disease
o Animal– rodents become ill and die
 cats may develop fever, dyspnea, nasal discharge, swollen lymph nodes, septicemia

35
Q

Mode of transmission of Plague

A

o Bite of an infectd rodent flea
o Handling tissues or fluids of infected animals
o Inhalation of airborne bacteria from cats or humans w/ pulmonary disease

36
Q

Diagnosis and Treatment of Plague

A
  • Diagnosis- Culture of lymph node aspirate, blood, sputum, CSF
  • Treatment- Antibiotics
37
Q

Control and prevention of Plague

A

o Prevent human contact w/ wild rodents
o Use insecticides/ repellents when entering wildlife habitats
o Wear gloves when hunting or handling wildlife
o Keep dogs and cats from hunting wild rodents
o Vaccinate individuals at risk

38
Q

Otodectescynotis

A
  • “Ear Mite”

* Adult is 0.4 mm, dorsoventrally flattened w/ 8 legs

39
Q

Importance, Diagnosis, Control of Otodectescynotis

A
  • Importance- External otitis
  • Diagnosis- Examine debris from external ear canal
  • Control- Clean ears, apply miticide
40
Q

Cheyletiella spp.

A
  • “Fur Mite”
  • Adult is 0.4 mm, has hook-like palpi
  • Importance- Alopecic dermatitis
  • Diagnosis- Skin scraping

Clin Path (12 decks)

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