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Immuno final > parasites > Flashcards

parasites Flashcards

1
Q

how is infection diff from disease?

A

if you have prolonged repeated or high burden of infection you can develop disease

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2
Q

traits of parasitic disease

A

many are zoonoses we get them from animals
humans are dead-end hosts (we’re not target of infections)
rarely fatal (exc: plasmodium falciparum)
usually subacute or chronic

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3
Q

two types of parasites

A

protozoa

helminths

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4
Q

protozoa parasite traits

A

one celled eukaryotes (ex. plasmodium, giardia cryptosporidium, leishmania, trypanosomes)
high innoculation
intracellular (in RBC or macrophages)- can’t stand dry environments
extracellular - in GI tract, cause diarrhea, can stand dry environ

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5
Q

general protozoa traits

A

65,000 species
most harmless, free living
few are parasites

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6
Q

characteristics of mastigophora

A 
have flagella 
reprod by syngamy
lack mito/ golgi
form cysts and are free-living
solitary
axostyle 
single celled
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7
Q

examples of mastigophora

A 
trypanosoma 
leishmania
giardia
cryptosporidium
trichomonas
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8
Q

why was it hard for people in milwaukee to rid water of cryptosporidium?

A

resistant to chlorine

v. small and hard to filter

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9
Q

traits of apicomplexa

A 
not fecal oral
not motile
complex life cycles
prod sporozoites after repro
most form oocysts
entire group is parasitic
single celled
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10
Q

examples of apicomplexa

A

plasmodium

toxoplasma gondii

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11
Q

traits of helminths

A

multicellular
roundworms, flatworms
protected by cuticle
larvae dev. into dormant cysts
complex life cycles, environmental and animal reservoirs
animals are intermediate hosts or reservoirs
humans are definitive hosts (don’t multiply in humans and cuticle prevents digestion so they only pass thru when they’re dead)

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12
Q

diff btwn reservoir, intermediate and definitive host

A

definitive host = where it matures
intermediate host = carrier to definitive host
reservoir = where they multiply, source of parasite, don’t participate in direct transmission
vector = something that passes parasite

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13
Q

types of helminths

A

major groups: flatworms and roundworms

flukes are helminths too

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14
Q

flatworm traits

A 
phylum platyhelminthes
thin
segmented
subdivistions: 
cestodes (tapeworms)
trematodes (flukes)
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15
Q

roundworm traits

A 
phylum aschelminthes
aka nematodes
cylindrical 
unsegmente
can elongate
have copulatory spicule
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16
Q

types of parasite vectors

A 
arthropods
female mosquito - malaria
tsetse flies - sleeping sickness
black flies - river blindness
kissing bugs - chagas disease
ticks - babesiosis
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17
Q

parasite reservoirs

A

humans - malaria, amoebae
animals - pigs: trichinosis, pork tapeworm
cattle: beef tapeworm, cryptosporidiosis
environment

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18
Q

parasite entry

A

oral ingestion
penetration of skin
arthropod-borne

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19
Q

how do diff parasites survive host?

A

surface antigen variation - trypanosomes
host plasm protein coating - blood flukes
superoxide dismutase secretion (protects from phagolysosome) - leishmanis

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20
Q

locations of infections

A

strongyloides - intestinal wall
hookworms - intestinal lumen
RBC - malaria (duffy factor antigen dep.)

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21
Q

what causes disease/clinical manifestations?

A

direct tissue damage by parasite
effects of immune response
usually occur after the initial infection

22
Q

traits of chagas disease

A

skin lesion - starts w/ eye swelling
american trypanosomiasis
host is kissing bug in americas
can cause organ lesions

23
Q

treatment of chagas

A

chemoprophylasis - preventative drugs
immunization (prob: parasite camoflauges by altering their antigens to look like the host and they display diff prot at diff stages of life cycle)
field control (bug spray)

24
Q

species that can affect RBC’s

A 
different Plasmodiums:
plasmodium falciparum - all ages of RBC
plasmodium vivax - reticulocytes and young RBS
plasmodium ovale - "  "
plasmodium malariae - old RBCs
25
Q

malaria transmission

A

humans and mosquitos are vectors
diff areas of world are affected differently
released into human blood by mosquitos as merozoites
they invade RBCs and liver and mature into trophozoites
after replication cells burst

26
Q

how does duffy blood group or sickle cell anemia help limit infection

A

malaria can’t bind in people w/o duffy antigen

sickle cell anemia cells burst prematurely before trophozoites are mature

27
Q

treatment for malaria

A

chloroquine - stops parasite from being able to neutralize heme so it’s toxic to plasmodium

28
Q

babesia traits

A

endemic in US
destroys RBCs - confused w/ plasmodium falciparum
slow onset
transmitted by deer tick and white footed mouse

29
Q

babesia life cycle

A

merozoites injected by ticks
invade RBC
no intermediate liver stage
replicate by binary fission and lyse RBC

30
Q

toxoplasma traits

A

survive in macrophages
3 syndromes :
mono-like
congenital infection
brain/heart complications (schizophrenia)
people w/ toxoplasma are more likely to die in car accident

31
Q

toxoplasmosis is passed to people thru…

A

inadequate cooked meat (tissue cysts)
or food contaminated w/ cat feces (oocysts)
they penetrate intestinal wall, and enter bloodstream and disseminate

32
Q

leishmania traits

A

small protozoans
vector: phlebotomus sand flies
reservoirs: rodents, dogs, other animals, humans
complex life cycle

33
Q

life cycle of leishmania

A

flagellated promastigote binds to macrophage and makes superoxide dismutase
converts to unflagellated amastigote

34
Q

traits of trypanosome cruzi

A

slow growing
causes nerve GI and heart damage
causes chagas disease
passed thru kissing bug

35
Q

traits of trypanosome brucei

A

african sleeping sickness
transmission - tsetse fly
reservoirs - animals and humans
slow chronic systemic disease

36
Q

intestinal and vaginal protozoa

A

giardia lamblia, trichomonas vaginalis - flagellates in US
entamoeba histolytica - amoeba in dev. countries
cryptosporidium, cyclospora, isospora - foodborne apicomplexans
microsporidia - sm obligate intracellular parasites

37
Q

traits of giardia

A

persistent non- bloody diarrhea
resistant to chlorine
intestinal protozoa
trophozoites attach to duodenum w/ ventral sucking disk

38
Q

traits of trichomonas vaginalis

A

vaginal flagellate

transmitted sexually

39
Q

traits of entamoeba histolytica

A 
amoebiasis
destruct host tissue causing colon ulcers
cause diarrhea
spread thru abscesses into other organs
cyst is imp. virulence factor
40
Q

entamoeba histolytica traits

A

adhere to host cells receptors w/ digalactose residues

attach and kill host cells by forming pores

41
Q

non-immune vs. immune hosts for entamoeba histolytica

A

Immune hosts have cell mediated immunity but amoebas produce cysteine proteases that digest IgA, IgG and proteins
non immune hosts have phagocytic cells destroyed by pathogenic amoebas

42
Q

ascaris traits

A 
intestinal helminths (worm)
eggs are ingested and can travel through body to lungs
43
Q

pinworm traits

A

enterobius
eggs resist drying so they can be spread on surfaces
don’t require maturation stage outside body
make your butt itch so you scratch and spread eggs

44
Q

hookworms

A

nematodes
lives in soil that’s contaminated
penetrate skin/ don’t need oral ingestion
moves to heart via blood then lungs where they’re coughed up and swallowed
clears up asthma by repressing immune response but cause chronic anemia

45
Q

strongyloides stercoralis traits

A

eats thru intestinal wall and cause septicemia
does not require external soil phase, passes directly thru skin via feces
migration identical to hookworms

46
Q

tapeworms

A

definitive host: humans
attaches to intestinal wall and can penetrate deep tiss and form cystic larvae
acquired by eating raw meat / fish

47
Q

trichinella spiralis traits

A

asymptomatic
burrow in striated/cardiac m.
from undercooked meat

48
Q

schistosomes traits

A 
blood flukes 
s. haematobium - bladder
s. mansoni - lg. intestine
s. japonicum - sm. intestines
intermediate host = snails
burrows thru skin and pases to veins to mature then goes to FI tract
49
Q

schistosomiasis traits

A

camoflage themselves w/ host proteins

induce granulomas that undergo fibrosis

50
Q

filariasis types and traits

A

onchocerciasis - river blindness (black flies)
elephantiasis - mosquitoes (nocturnal)
humans aren’t reservoirs
limited by vectors (so not in US b/c we control vectors well here)
microfilariae offspring travel thru lymph or subcutaneous tissue

Immuno final (13 decks)

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