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Microb > Parasites > Flashcards

Parasites Flashcards

1
Q

What are the 2 main classifications of parasites?

A

Protozoas and Helmiths

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2
Q

What are the subclassifications of protozoas?

A

Amoebas, Flagellates, Ciliates and Sporozoas

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3
Q

What are the subclassifications of helmiths

A

Platyhelminths (flatworms) and nematodes (roundworms)

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4
Q

What are the subclassifications of platyhelminths?

A

Trematodes (flukes) and Cestodes (tapeworms)

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5
Q

Give an example of a amoeba parasite, its transmission route and characteristic feature

A

Entamoeba Histolytica

Transmitted via faecal oral route

4 nucleus + 1 chromatid line

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6
Q

List 2 flagellated parasites and their associated clinical disease

A
  1. Giardia intestinalis: Giardianosis which refers to sudden onset of diarrhoea with foul smelling stools but no blood or mucus. Common cause of ‘Traveller’s Diarrhoea’
  2. Trichomonas vaginalis:
    Trchomoniasis which is sexually transmitted and causes STI in females (~50% symp) and males (~mostly asymp)
    - characteristic feature is ‘STRAWBERRY CERVIX’
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7
Q

List a sporozoan parasite

A

Plasmodium (malaria)

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8
Q

List 2 cestodes (tapeworms) and their associated clinical disease

A
  1. Taenia solium
    - Intestinal disease
    - ** Cysticercosis - worm infiltrates the brain, causing epilepsy, encephalitis and hydrocephalus
  2. Echinococcus Granulosus: Hydatid disease where cysts develop in the liver
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9
Q

List at least 2 different types of flukes (trematodes)

A
  1. Liver
  2. Lung
  3. Intestinal
  4. Blood
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10
Q

List the blood fluke and its associated disease

A

Schistosome

Acute schistomiasis: ‘Swimmer’s itch’

Chronic schistomiasis:
1. S. mansoni and japonicum: HEPATOSPLENOMEGALY and liver failure

  1. S. haematobium:
    RENAL FAILURE AND BLADDER CANCER
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11
Q

What is the liver fluke?

A

Clonorchis sinensis - infected when humans ingest undercooked FRESHWATER FISH

Biliary tract infections and worse outcome: Biliary tract cancer (cholangiocarcinoma)

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12
Q

What is the intestinal fluke?

A

Fascidopsis buski - found on water plants

Diarrhoea, intestinal obstruction

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13
Q

What is the lung fluke?

A

Paragonimus Westermani - raw or undercooked CRAYFISH

Cough, haemoptysis, fever, night sweats (similar to TB)

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14
Q

What is the main transmitter of Clonorchis sinensis?

A

FRESHWATER FISH with cercaria (free swimming larvae)

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15
Q

What is the main transmitter of Paragonimus Westermani?

A

CRAYFISH

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16
Q

What kind of infection route is trematodes commonly associated with?

A

WATER

17
Q

What is the feature commonly associated with helminths infection?

A

EOSINOPHILIA (raised eosinophil count)

18
Q

What does the nematode Onchocerca volvulus cause?

A

River blindness

19
Q

What does the nematode Dracunculus Medinesis cause?

A

Larvae replicates and mature in the gut.

Female adult migrate to skin, forming blister.

Blister ruptures -> high chance for secondary bacterial infection

20
Q

What does the nematode Angiostrongylus Cantonesis cause and which animal is it related to?

A

Eosinophilic Meningitis

LINKED TO CONSUMPTION OF SNAILS

21
Q

Name the mnemonic for intestinal nematodes

A

EAASTTT

E - Enterobius Vermicularis (Pinworm)
A - Ascaris Lumbicoides (GIANT roundworm)
A - Hookworms
S - Strongyloides stercoralis (threadworm)
T - Trichinella spiralis (‘pork’ worm)
T - Trichuris trichiura (whipworm)
T- Toxocara canis (adult worm)

22
Q

List at least 2 nematodes that are transmitted via faecal-oral route.

A

Enterobius
Ascaris
Trichuris
Toxocara

23
Q

List the 2 nematodes that enter via the penetration of the skin

A

Strongyloides
Hookworms

24
Q

Which nematode enters via ingestion of uncooked meat?

A

Trichinella spiralis

25
Q

Which nematode causes autoinfection and why?

A

Stronglyoides: it can complete its life cycle within the human host. Hence, the infection keeps perpetuating since the worms keep multiplying inside human host’s intestines.

26
Q

What is the main clinical disease of hookworms?

A

Chronic anaemia and iron deficiency.

27
Q

Stronglyoides cause _ due to its autoinfection and _ in immunocompromised individuals.

A

Chronic GIT infections, Hyperinfection syndrome

28
Q

Which nematode invades the muscle cells?

A

Trichinella spiralis

29
Q

Which nematode causes bloody stools?

A

Trichuris trichiura

Trichuris Dysentery Syndrome (Chronic diarrhoea + Growth/intellectual retardation)

Microb (8 decks)

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