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Paraneoplastic Flashcards

1
Q

Which cytokines are most commonly implicated in cancer associated anorexia?

A

IL-1 and IL-6

Interfere with normal balance of anorexigenic and orexigenic signals

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2
Q

Which cytokines play primary roles in cancer cachexia and how?

A

IL-1, IL-6, TNF-a

Induce anorexia, increase energy metabolism, accelerate loss of lean body mass through activation of NF-kB which activates the ubiquitin proteasome pathway

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3
Q

Are BCS and body weight prognostic factors in dogs and cats with cancer?

A

Low BW and low BCS = negative prognostic factors for survival across tumor types

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4
Q

What is the most common tumor type associated with PNS-associated GI ulceration?

A

MCTs through hyperhistaminemia

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5
Q

Describe the mechanism by which histamine results in GI bleeding?

A

Histamine binds to gastric parietal cell H2 receptors –> stimulate gastric acid secretion

Histamine direct effects on gastric mucosa –> increased vascular permeability, localized protein exudation, increased mucosal blood flow

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6
Q

What concentration of histamine in the plasma is predictive of clinical signs of GI ulceration?

A

Concentrations are NOT predictive

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7
Q

Which less common tumor may be responsible for PNS-associated GI ulceration?

A

Gastrinoma

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8
Q

What percentage of dogs with hypercalcemia have a cancer diagnosis? Cats?

A

Dogs - 60%
Cats - 30%

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8
Q

What is Zollinger-Ellison syndrome?

A

hypergastrinemia + non-beta cell neuroendocrine tumor in pancreas + GI ulceration

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8
Q

What are the most common causes of hypercalcemia of malignancy in cats?

A

Lymphoma, SCC, multiple myeloma

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8
Q

What are the most common causes of hypercalcemia of malignancy in dogs?

A

T-cell lymphoma (35-55%), AGASACA (25%)

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8
Q

How does PTHrP activate PTH receptors on osteoblasts and renal tubular cells?

A

70% sequence homology of the first 13 N-terminal amino acids with PTH

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8
Q

Clinical signs of hypercalcemia in cats?

A

anorexia and vomiting

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8
Q

What is PTHrP and where is it normally released?

A

Parathyroid hormone related protein
Fetal parathyroid glands, placenta, and mammary glands

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8
Q

What causes PU/PD in hypercalcemic patients?

A

Impaired action of ADH on tubular cells of the collecting duct

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9
Q

What is the most common cause of paraneoplastic hypoglycemia in dogs?

A

Insulinoma

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10
Q

Which non-islet cell tumors are most commonly associated with paraneoplastic hypoglycemia?

A

Primary liver tumors, smooth muscle tumors

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11
Q

What is the most common cause of PNS hypoglycemia in non-islet cell tumors?

A

Production of IGF-2

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12
Q

How are insulinomas most commonly diagnosed?

A

hypoglycemia + elevated serum insulin level

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13
Q

Which tumor is most commonly associated with hyperestrogenism in dogs? Cats?

A

Dogs - sertoli cell tumor
Cats - not reported

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14
Q

Clinical signs of hyperestrogenism?

A

Bilaterally symmetric alopecia, cutaneous hyperpigmentation, epidermal thinning, gynecomastia, galactorrhea, pendulous prepuce, penile atrophy, atrophy of the contralateral testicle, attraction to other males

15
Q

What are some laboratory abnormalities you may see in patients with hyperestrogenism?

A

Myelotoxicosis
Transient increase in granulocytopoiesis and neutrophilic leukocytosis –> progressive bone marrow hypoplasia/aplasia –> aplastic anemia

16
Q

What is the most common cause of acromegaly in cats?

A

Excessive GH secretion by a functional pituitary adenoma arising from somatotroph cells

17
Q

What is the most common cause of acromegaly in dogs?

A

Progestin-induced GH secretion by mammary ductal epithelium

18
Q

What causes insulin resistance in cats with acromegaly?

A

GH reduces insulin receptors and interferes with a wide range of post-receptor processes

19
Q

What is the most practical way to confirm feline hypersomatotropism?

A

Measurement of serum IGF-1

20
Q

Nodular dermatofibrosis is associated with what neoplasms?

A

bilateral renal cystadenocarcinomas or cystadenomas

21
Q

Almost all cases of nodular dermatofibrosis are associated with what breed of dog?

A

German Shepherd Dog (autosomal dominant trait)

22
Q

Mechanisms by which M components interfere with coagulation

A

Coating platelets, inhibiting platelet aggregation to damaged endothelial surfaces, and inhibition of platelet factor 3

23
Q

What are Bence Jones proteins?

A

Antibody light chains excreted in the urine

24
Q

Females affected with nodular dermatofibrosis almost always have what other neoplasm?

A

uterine leiomyomas

25
Q

Two most common immunoglobulin types associated with HVS

A

IgM (pentamer) and IgA (dimer form)

26
Q

Superficial necrolytic dermatitis is associated with what diseases?

A

(ie hepatocutaneous syndrome)
hepatic disease, glucagon secreting tumors in pancreas and liver

27
Q

Percent occurrence of anemia in dogs and cats with lymphoma?

A

Dogs 30-43%
Cats 43-58%

28
Q

Dermatologic findings in superficial necrolytic dermatitis

A

Erosions and ulcerations with alopecia, exudation, and crusts on feet, pressure points, flank, mucocutaneous jxn, and/or oral cavity
ALL ANIMALS HAVE: hyperkeratosis and fissuring of footpads

29
Q

Cancer associated with feline paraneoplastic alopecia?

A

pancreatic carcinoma and biliary carcinoma

30
Q

Mechanism of anemia of chronic disease / anemia of inflammatory disease

A

Inflammatory cytokines (TNF-a, IFN-g), IL-1, IL-6, IL-10 reduce production of erythropoietin in the face of hypoxemia and suppress the erythroid progenitor response to erythropoietin, and also iron sequestration via hepcidin production (IL-6 increases hepcidin production)

31
Q

Extreme neutrophilic leukocytosis has been associated with what cancers? How does it happen?

A

Usually also with a concurrent monocytosis and eosinophilia, seen with
Dogs: pulmonary carcinoma, renal tumors, interstitial T-cell lymphoma, metastatic fibrosarcoma, adenomatous rectal polyps
Cats: Pulmonary SCC, dermal tubular adenocarcinoma

Tumor cells secrete granulocyte colony stimulating factor / granulocyte-macrophage colony stimulating factor

32
Q

Most common type of phenotype of lymphoma associated with eosinophilia

A

T-cell

33
Q

The spleen stores what percent of the body’s platelets?

A

33%

34
Q

Distribution and characteristics of feline paraneoplastic alopecia

A
  • ventrum and medial aspects of limbs
  • hair is easily epilated and skin is shiny, inelastic, and thin but not fragile
  • food pad involvement common
35
Q

Heparin released by MCTs causes clotting dysfunction via what mechanism?

A

Acts as a cofactor for antithrombin III to inactivate clotting factors XII, XI, X, IX

36
Q

Up to what percent of dogs with HSA have DIC at presentation

A

50%

37
Q

Paraneoplastic thymoma associated exfoliative dermatitis….

A

exists. The end.

38
Q

Myasthenia gravis is associated with what cancers?

A

Thymoma (most common)
Also, OSA, cholagiocarcinoma, oral sarcoma, nonepitheliotropic cutaneous lymphoma

39
Q

Thrombocytosis may support cancer progression via what mechanism?

A

Fibrin deposition around neoplastic foci forms provisional extracellular matrix for angiogenesis and the formation of fibrin-platelet-tumor cell complexes increases adhesion to endothelium and enhances metastatic efficiency

40
Q

What other cancers may have granules and be mistaken for MCTs?

A

granulated T-cell lymphoma, NK cell lymphoma, granular cell tumors

41
Q

Hypertrophic osteopathy is caused by what cancer?

A

Lung tumors including metastatic lesions (most commonly OSA)

42
Q

Non-neoplastic conditions associated with hypertrophic osteopathy?

A

infectious/inflammatory lung disease, heartworm, endocarditis, PDA, spirocerca lupi, congenital megaesophagus

43
Q

Da Fuq is a Mott Cell?

A

Plasma cell that contain Russell Bodies, collections of immunoglobulin within the ER

44
Q

5 types of round cell tumors?

A

Lymphoma, MCT, histiocytoma, plasmacytoma, TVT

45
Q

cell of origin of cutaneous histiocytoma?

A

epidermal dendric/langerhans cells

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