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Withrow > Gastrointestinal > Flashcards

Gastrointestinal Flashcards

1
Q

Percentage of dogs with cecal GISTs that show signs of acute abdomen secondary to perforation?

AH

A

25%-32%

Withrow 2019 - Ch 23 - GI

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2
Q

What percentage of cats with clinical signs of chronic small bowel disease have IBD or neoplasia?

AH

A

Almost all of them!
95-99% had IBD or neoplasia (LSA, MCT, ACA) on biopsy

Withrow 2019 - Ch 23 - GI

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3
Q

Which intestinal cancers are associated with each of these paraneoplastic syndromes?

  • Alopecia
  • Neutrophilic leukocytosis
  • Hypereosinophilia
  • Hyperviscosity syndrome
  • Erythrocytosis
  • Hypoglycemia
  • Nephrogenic diabetes insipidus

AH

A
  • Alopecia: carcinoma (+ Cheyletiella) in a dog, metastasizing colonal carcinoma in a cat
  • Neutrophilic leukocytosis (monocytosis and eosinophilia): rectal tumors dog
  • Hypereosinophilia: T-LSA; a cat and several dogs
  • Hyperviscosity syndrome: EMP dog
  • Erythrocytosis: cecal LMS dog
  • Hypoglycemia: smooth muscle tumors dog
  • Nephrogenic diabetes insipidus: LMS dog

Withrow 2019 - Ch 23 - GI

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4
Q

In what percentage of dogs with intestinal lymphoma and non-lymphomatous solid tumors and abdominal mass could be palpated?

AH

A

Lets say up to half of them:
LSA - 20-40%
Non-LSA - 20-50%

Withrow 2019 - Ch 23 - GI

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5
Q

What proportion of dogs and cats with intestinal tumors have hypoproteinemia?

AH

A

1/4 - 1/3

Withrow 2019 - Ch 23 - GI

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6
Q

What percentage of cats with intestinal smooth muscle tumors are hypoglycemic?

AH

A

up to 55%

Withrow 2019 - Ch 23 - GI

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7
Q

Why it may be difficult to distinguish intestinal LSA and MCT in cats?

AH

A

eosinophilia with LSA
MCT with concurrent small T-cell LSA

Withrow 2019 - Ch 23 - GI

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8
Q

Percentage of dogs and cats with intestinla tumors that show an abdominal mass on plain radiographs?
What percentage shows an obstructive pattern?

AH

A

~40%
higher for solid tumors, lower for LSA
10-75% show obstructive pattern

Withrow 2019 - Ch 23 - GI

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9
Q

The normal appearance of intestine does not rule out the presence of LSA. What percentage of dogs with GI LSA does not show sonographic abnormalities?

AH

A

About 1/4 (26%)

Withrow 2019 - Ch 23 - GI

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10
Q

How much each of these signs on ultrasound increase the likelihood of having an intestinal neoplasia in dogs?

loss of wall layering
Wall thickness > 1cm

AH

A

loss of wall layering: 50X more, almost all (99%) of dogs in one study had loss of wall layering.
Wall thickness > 1cm: 20X more

Withrow 2019 - Ch 23 - GI

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11
Q

Colonoscopical biopsy results tend to underdiagnose dogs with malignancy. What percentage of dogs had a different colonoscopy biopsy results vs final histopathology?

AH

A

Around 1/3 (31%)

Withrow 2019 - Ch 23 - GI

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12
Q

What is the risk of dehiscence after GI biopsy via ex lap in dogs and cats?
Which population is more at risk?

AH

A

Very low risk (1% dogs, <3% cats)
Cats with neoplasia and hypoalbuminemia

Withrow 2019 - Ch 23 - GI

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13
Q

Why carcinomatosis in cats should not always be seen as an indication of euthanasia?

AH

A

Two cats with maliganant effusion lived 2.5 and 28 mo after removal of the primary intestinal ACA.

Withrow 2019 - Ch 23 - GI

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14
Q

Most common non-hematopoietic gastric tumor in dogs?

A

Gastric carcinoma

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15
Q

Most common gastric cancer in cats?

A

Lymphoma

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16
Q

Most common subtype of canine gastric carcinoma?

A

Diffuse (either undifferentiated or glandular subtype); other subtype is intestinal (papillary, acinar, or solid subtype)

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17
Q

Which gastric tumor(s) has been associated with paraneoplastic hypoglycemia? And what is the mechanism?

A

Leiomyoma and leiomyosarcoma, suspected to be due to excessive release of IGF-2.

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18
Q

Cell of origin of GISTs?

A

Interstitial cells of Cajal

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19
Q

IHC markers for GISTs

A

C-Kit (CD117) and CD34.
Mutations in exon 11 are common and sometimes exon 9 too.
IHC is required to differentiate between GISTs and leiomyosarcomas

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20
Q

Incidence (percent) of HER-2 expression in canine gastric carcinoma?

A

58%
(~60%)

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21
Q

Median survival times for dogs vs. cats with gastrointestinal MCTs

A

Dogs: <1 month
Cats: 531 days (barrett et al 2018)

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22
Q

Is primary or metastatic liver cancer more common in dogs? Cats?

A

Dogs: Metastatic (2.5x more)
Cats: Primary

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23
Q

Four categories of primary malignant hepatobiliary tumors in dogs and cats

A

Hepatocellular, bile duct, neuroendocrine (carcinoid), and mesenchymal

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24
Q

Most common malignant hepatobiliary tumor in cats?

A

Bile duct carcinoma (cholangiocarcinoma)

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25
Q

Silver stains are used to differentiate what two broad types of hepatobiliary tumors?

A

Carcinoids (positive) vs. carcinomas

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26
Q

Most common hepatic sarcoma in dogs? Cats?

A

Dogs - leiomyosarcoma
Cats - HSA

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27
Q

What is the hepatic enzyme elevation trends for primary vs. metastatic liver tumors in dogs?

A

Primary - more often ALP and ALT
Metastatic - more often AST (and bilirubin)

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28
Q

Hyperferritinemia is common in dogs with what kind of cancer?

A

Histiocytic sarcoma

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29
Q

Maximum cumulative RT dose the liver can tolerate?

A

30Gy

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30
Q

Most common intestinal tumor in dogs and cats? Second most? Third most?

A

Dogs - lymphoma, adenocarcinoma, leiomyosarcoma/GISTs
Cats - lymphoma, adenocarcinoma, MCT

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31
Q

Most common breed of cat to develop intestinal neoplasia?

A

Siamese (1.8x as likely)

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32
Q

Most common anatomical location for intestinal adenocarcinoma in dogs and cats?

A

Dogs - colon and rectum (Rectum > colon)
Cats - small intestine

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33
Q

Define carcinoid

A

Refers to tumors that arise from the diffuse endocrine system rather than the epithelium, despite histologic similarity to carcinomas

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34
Q

What is the 1-year survival rate for dogs with solid small intestinal tumors?

AH

A

~40%

Withrow 2019 - Ch 23 - GI

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35
Q

What are the three most common sites of metastasis in cats with intestinal adenocarcinoma, and what percentage of cases metastasize to each site?

AH

A

Local LNs: 50%
Peritoneal cavity (carcinomatosis): 30%
lungs: 20%

Withrow 2019 - Ch 23 - GI

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36
Q

What are the two most common sites of metastasis in dogs with intestinal adenocarcinoma or LMS?

AH

A

Local LNs: Similar to cats (50%)
liver

Withrow 2019 - Ch 23 - GI

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37
Q

Perioperative mortality for intestinal tumors?
What are the reasons?

AH

A

30-50%
Sepsis, peritonitis, owners decision for euthanasia when nonresectable tumors are present

Withrow 2019 - Ch 23 - GI

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38
Q

Prognosis for canine small intestinal adenocarcinoma:
Survival with and without surgery

AH

A

Guarded prognosis
without treatment: 12 days
Surgical resection: ~4months (114 days). Althogh others report 7-10 months

Withrow 2019 - Ch 23 - GI

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39
Q

Survival times for dogs with intestinal LMS who survive the perioperative period?

AH

A

1.1 to almost 2 years

Withrow 2019 - Ch 23 - GI

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40
Q

Compare survivals for dogs with intestinal GIST vs LMS?

AH

A

If the dog survives perioperative period:
LMS: 1.1 to almost 2 years
GIST: >3yrs (38mo)

Total:
LMS: 8mo
GIST: 1 yr

No difference in a study. 1-yr survival ~80% for both tumors

Withrow 2019 - Ch 23 - GI

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41
Q

Comment on surgery for dogs with intestinal MCTs?

AH

A

The benefit is questionable
In two case series, most died within the first month.
Only 2/49 dogs lived past 180 days.
Prednisone was not helpful in most cases.

Withrow 2019 - Ch 23 - GI

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42
Q

Comment on benefits of surgery for cats with small intestinal ACA?

AH

A

Significant perioperative risk. If they live >2 weeks after surgery they may experience long-term control with surgery alone.

Withrow 2019 - Ch 23 - GI

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43
Q

What is the most common complication of surgical removal of rectal malignancies via rectal-pull through?

AH

A

Fecal incontinence
57% total with 40% permanent fecal incontinence

Withrow 2019 - Ch 23 - GI

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44
Q

Survival times after surgery alone for cats with large intestinal neoplsia after surgery alone?
Benefits of chemotherapy?

AH

A

LSA: 3.5 mo
ACA: 4.5 mo
MCT: 6.5

Adjuvant chemo improves ST for ACA but not LSA.

Withrow 2019 - Ch 23 - GI

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45
Q

MST with vs without chmo in cats with colonic ACA and subtotal colectomy?

AH

A

Significant advantage for DOX: ~9mo vs 2mo
Carbo: ~9mo (no control group)

Withrow 2019 - Ch 23 - GI

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46
Q

Possilbe mechanism of resistance to TKIs in GIST patients?

AH

A

Second site mutation in c-kit

Withrow 2019 - Ch 23 - GI

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47
Q

duration of response when using TKIs to treat dogs with GISTs in the settings of metastatic dz, nonresectable dz, or recurrent dz:

AH

A

PR or CR for
~5mo: metastatic
>9mo: nonresectable
>4 yrs: recurrent

Withrow 2019 - Ch 23 - GI

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48
Q

What is the percentage of dogs with mets with tonsillar SCC?

A

75%

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49
Q

What is the overall local recurrence rate for dogs with oral SCC surgically excised? Based on site?

A

Overall - 20-25%
Mandibulectomy - 0-10%
Maxillectomy - 15-30%

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50
Q

What is the MST and survival rates for mandibular and maxillary SCC in dogs?

A

Mandibular: MST 19 - 43 mos; 1 yr 90-100%; 2 yr 80%; 3 yr 60%
Maxillary: 10 - 39 mos; 1 yr 60-95%; 2 yr 70%; 3 yr 40%

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51
Q

What is the MST for oral SCC in dogs based on stage after surgical excision?

A

Stage II - 14 mos
Stage III - 12 mos
Stage IV - 2 mos

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52
Q

What is the local tumor recurrence rate for canine oral SCC after full course RT? MST for RT alone?

A

Recurrence - 31%
MST - 15 - 16 mos (RT+Sx = 34 mos)

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53
Q

What is the overall median PFS for dogs with oral SCC?

A

36 mos

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54
Q

What are prognostic factors for oral SCC in dogs treated with orthovoltage RT?

A

Rostral tumor location
Non-recurrent tumors
Portal size <100 cm2/m2
Age <6 yrs

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55
Q

What is the duration of response to radiation therapy in a gross disease setting for dogs with oral SCC?

A

2-3 mos

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56
Q

What is the response to piroxicam alone for the treatment of oral SCC in dogs?

A

RR - 17%
PFI - 3.5 - 6 mos

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57
Q

What is the complete response rate to treatment with carboplatin + piroxicam in dogs with oral SCC?

A

57%

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58
Q

What is the overall MST for cats with oral SCC regardless of treatment pursued?

A

3 mos or less

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59
Q

What is the most common cause of treatment failure for cats with oral SCC?

A

Local recurrence - almost 90%

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60
Q

What are prognostic factors for survival in cats with oral SCC?

A

Tumor location
Extent of resection

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61
Q

What is the complete and partial response rate for cats treated with RT + carboplatin for oral SCC?

A

CR - 52%
PR - 22%

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62
Q

What is the response rate for cats with oral SCC treated with RT + mitoxantrone?

A

73% (CR)

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63
Q

What are the locations of feline oral SCC associated with a positive prognosis with RT + chemo?

A

Tonsils
Cheek

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64
Q

What is the ORR for cats treated with pRT with oral SCC?

A

81%, MST ~6 mos

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65
Q

What location for cats treated with pRT are associated with a better outcome for oral SCC?

A

Sublingual (4.5 mos) better than mandibular (3 mos)

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66
Q

What are the outcomes associated with SRT for treatment of feline oral SCC?

A

ORR - 39%
PFI - 3 mos
MST - 3.5 mos

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67
Q

What are the complications associated with SRT for treatment of feline oral SCC?

A

Mandibular fx (~50%)
Fibrosis (~33%)
Oronasal fistula

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68
Q

What is the most common oropharyngeal cancer in cats?

A
  1. Squamous cell carcinoma
  2. Fibrosarcoma
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69
Q

Besides, melanoma, SCC, and fibrosarcoma, what other malignant oral tuors occur in dogs?

A

OSA, chondrosarcoma, anaplastic sarcoma, multilobular osteochondrosarcoma, intraosseous carcinoma, myxosarcoma, hemangiosarcoma, mast cell tumor, and TVT

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70
Q

Common breeds for oral malignant melanoma?

A

cocker spaniel, miniature poodle, anatolian sheepdog, gordon setter, chow, golden retriever

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71
Q

What % of oral malignant melanoma are amelanotic?

A

38%

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72
Q

What IHC antibodies can differentiate melanoma from other poorly differentiated tumors?

A

PNL2, Melan A, TRP-1, TRP-2

73
Q

Metastatic rate of oral malignant melanoma in dogs?

A

up to 80%

74
Q

Five histological types of oral SCC?

A

conventional, papillary, basaloid, adenosquamous, spindle cell

75
Q

What is the metastatic rate for oral, non-tonsillar scc in dogs?

A

5-29%

76
Q

Which site of oral SCC has a higher rate of metastasis: caudal tongue and tonsil or rostral oral cavity?

A

caudal tongue and tonsil

77
Q

Risk of oral SCC in cats is increased 4x by exposure to what? 2x by exposure to what?

A

4x: flea collars, high intake of canned food or canned tuna fish
2x: tobacco smoke

78
Q

What is the rate of metastasis of oral scc in cats to the mandibular lymph nodes? Lungs?

A

Mandibular lymph nodes - 31%
Lungs - 10%

79
Q

What dog breeds have a higher rate of oral fibrosarcoma?

A

labs, goldens

80
Q

Oral fibrosarcoma that appears histologically benign but behaves aggressively is termed?

A

histologically low grade, but biologically high grade

81
Q

What is the rate of metastasis to lungs/regional LN of oral fibrosarcoma in dogs?

A

30%

82
Q

What percent of axial OSA are located in the maxilla? mandible?

A

Maxilla - 27%
Mandible - 16-22%

83
Q

Is the metastatic potential of axial OSA higher or lower than appendicular OSA?

A

lower

84
Q

What are the four canine types of epulides?

A

acanthomatous
fibromatous
ossifying
giant cell

85
Q

What are peripheral odontogenic fibroma?

A
  • benign gingival proliferation arising from the periodontal ligament similar to focal fibrous hyperplasia
    -slow growing
  • preferred term for epulides that includes fibromatous and ossifying epulides
86
Q

What site do peripheral odontogenic fibromas have a predilection for?

A

maxilla rostral to the third premolar teeth

87
Q

Describe acanthomatous ameloblastoma.

A
  • preferred term for acanthomatous epulides
  • benign tumor that has an aggressive local behavior and frequently invades bone of the underlying mandible or maxilla
88
Q

What is the most common site for acanthomatous ameloblastoma in dogs?

A

rostral mandible (51% of cases)
caudal mandible (22%)
rostral maxilla (22%)
caudal maxilla (6%)

89
Q

What paraneoplastic syndrome has been reported in two cats with oral SCC?

A

hypercalcemia

90
Q

Diagnostic accuracy of FNA for oral masses?

A

98% in dogs
96% in cats

91
Q

Accuracy of radiographs to detect oral mass bone invasion of nearby structures? CT w/contrast?

A

30%
90%

92
Q

% of dogs with Oral MM with metastatic lymph nodes that were normal size?

A

40%

93
Q

% of dogs with Oral MM without metastatic lymph nodes that were abnormal size?

A

49%

94
Q

Size of margins recommended for malignant oral tumors?

A

> 2cm

95
Q

What is the rate of metastasis for oral MM to lungs in dogs?

A

14% to 67%

96
Q

What oncogene is a positive predictive indicator at low percentages and is associated with suppression of cell-cycle inhibitors and confers resistance to chemo and RT in cats with oral SCC treated with SRT?

A

Bmi-1

97
Q

What is the biologic response rate in cats with oral SCC treated with toceranib and/or NSAID?

A

57%
CR - 4%
PR - 9%
SD - 43%

98
Q

Median survival time for untreated oral MM in dogs?

A

65 days
(~2 mos)

99
Q

Overall local tumor recurrence rate for oral MM after surgery in dogs?

A

45% (22% after mandibulectomy, 48% after maxillectomy)

100
Q

1 year survival rate for oral MM treated with surgery alone?

A

<35%

101
Q

Variables known to have prognostic significance for oral MM in dogs?

A

age, tumor size, clinical stage, ability of 1st tx to gain local contrl, histologic and IHC criteria (defree of differentiation, MI, nuclear atypia, pigment quantification), COX-2 expression, PDGFR expression, Ki67 exprewssion, c-kit expression

102
Q

Which drug has shown effective in treatment of cats in a palliative setting with bone invasive SCC?

A

Pamidronate - PFS 2.5 mos, MST ~6 mos

103
Q

What percentage of dogs are noted to have metastasis of oral FSA and to what locations?

A

regional lnn - 19-22% (~20%)
lungs - 27% (~30%)

104
Q

What is the local recurrence rate in dogs with oral FSA treated with surgery? By site?

A

24-54% (~25-50%)
Mandibular - 59% (~60%)
Maxillary - 40%

105
Q

What are significant indicators of local recurrence after surgery for canine oral FSA?

A

Incomplete excision
Breed – goldens

106
Q

What is the outcome for dogs treated with surgery for oral FSA overall?

A

MST - 25 mos
PFI - 22 mos
1 yr 88% (~90%)
2 yr 58% (~60%)

107
Q

What is the outcome for RT alone for the treatment of gross oral FSA in dogs?

A

7 mos

108
Q

Breeds at an increased risk of AGASACA

A

Spaniels, particularly English cocker spaniels, German shepherds, Alaskan malamutes, and dachshunds

109
Q

Mean age of dogs diagnosed with AGASACA

A

9-11 years

110
Q

Age and breed of cat AGASACA

A

13 years
Siamese

111
Q

Histologic patterns of tumor cell arrangement in AGASACA (3)
Which 2 are most common accounting for 95%

A
  1. Solid (closely packed neoplastic cells in lobules or nests with minimal stroma)
  2. Tubules/rosettes/pseudorosettes (cells are radially arranged around a central tubule or a collection of cytoplastic processes or a small blood vessel)
  3. Papillary (elongated tree-like projections with a
    fibrovascular stalk)

Solid and tubules/rosettes/pseudorosettes patterns

112
Q

Are unilateral or bilateral AGASACA more common?

A

Unilateral
Overall incidence of bilateral - 14%

113
Q

What percentage of dogs with AGASACA have hypercalcemia?

A

16-53%

114
Q

Metastatic rates and locations of AGASACA

A

Reported in 26% to 96% of dogs at the time of diagnosis
26% to 89% of dogs having metastasis to the regional LNs
0% to 42% with metastasis to distant sites (lungs, liver, spleen, bone, and, less commonly, heart, adrenal glands, stomach, omentum, pancreas, kidneys, urinary bladder, and the mediastinum)

The medial iliac and internal iliac LNs and sacral LNs are the most common sites of metastasis.

115
Q

Response rates of oral MM to hypofractionated RT? CR rate?

A

RR 81-100%
CR 70%

116
Q

Rate of local recurrence in dogs who obtain a CR? Median time to recurrence?

A

15 - 26% recurrence rate
median time to recurrence 139 days

117
Q

Clinical signs in dogs with AGASACA

A

perianal discomfort, swelling, discharge, bleeding, scooting, perianal licking, tenesmus,
abnormal stool shape, constipation, anorexia, polyuria, polydipsia, hyporexia, lethargy, vomiting

118
Q

What is the DFI for cats with oral FSA treated with mandibulectomy?

A

29 mos

119
Q

What is the outcome for dogs with oral FSA treated with Sx + RT?

A

Local recurrence - 32% (~30%)
MST - 18 - 26 mos
1 yr PFS - 76% (~75%)
PFS - 7 mos (T3) - 45 mos (T1) (31 mos T2)

120
Q

Median time to metastasis in dogs with oral malignant melanoma treated with RT?

A

311d

121
Q

What percentage of osteosarcoma cases are axial?

A

25%

122
Q

MST for dogs with oral malignant melanoma treated with RT?

A

192-401d

123
Q

Clinical signs in cats with AGASACA

A

perineal ulceration or discharge, tenesmus,
constipation, scooting, and excessive grooming of the perineal area

124
Q

What variables increase local tumor control and survival time for dogs with oral malignant melanoma?

A

rostral tumor location, smaller tumor volume, no radiographic evidence of bone lysis, post-operative irradiation of microscopic disease, megavoltage irradiation

125
Q

Of axial OSAs, what percentage are maxillary? Mandibular?

A

Maxillary - 16 - 22% (~15-20%)
Mandibular - 27% (~30%)

126
Q

cytologic appearance of AGASACA

A

characteristic
“neuroendocrine” cytologic appearance consisting of polyhedral to roundish epithelial cells with uniform round nuclei and light
blue-gray, slightly granular cytoplasm

127
Q

What percentage of dogs had evidence of metastatic disease at the time of diagnosis with axial OSA? After definitive treatment?

A

At diagnosis - 4%
After treatment - 32-46% (~30-50%)

128
Q

Staging for AGASACA

A

assessing the size of the anal sac mass, evaluating for hypercalcemia, and investigating the abdomen and thorax for metastatic
disease.

129
Q

MST for dogs w/oral malignant melanoma treated with RT based by stage?

A

Stage 1 - 758 days
Stage 2 - 278 days
Stage 3 - 163 days
Stage 4 - 80 days

130
Q

What is the outcome for oral OSA after mandibulectomy? Maxillectomy?

A

Mandibulectomy - MST 14 - 18 mos; local recurrence 15-28% (~15-30%); metastasis 35-58% (35-60%)

Maxillectomy - MST 5-10 mos; local recurrence 58% (~60%); metastasis 32% (~30%)

131
Q

IHC markers for the diagnosis of GIST

AH

A

KIT
DOG1

In humans and dogs, there is a subset of GIST that are KIT negative.

Withrow 2019 - Ch 23 - GI

132
Q

mainstay of treatment for dogs with nonmetastatic AGASAC or AGASAC metastatic to the regional
LNs

A

Surgery

133
Q

Complication rate and common complications after surgical excision of AGASACA

A

5-24%
wound dehiscence, rectal perforation, rectocutaneous fistulation, incisional infection, and transient fecal incontinence

134
Q

Response rate of cats with oral malignant melanoma treated with hypofractioned RT? MST?

A

60%, 146 days

135
Q

MST for dogs w/oral malignant melanoma treated with surgery w/ vs w/out adjuvant chemotherapy?

A

335 vs 352 (no benefit)

136
Q

MST of dogs w/advanced stage oral malignant melanoma treated with tyrosinase vaccine?

A

224-389d

137
Q

What are poor prognostic factors for oral OSA for dogs?

A

Serum ALP >140 u/L
Increased monocyte counts
Telangiectatic OSA
MI
Grade
Local tumor recurrence

138
Q

What is the recurrence rate for canine peripheral odontogenic fibroma after sx without bone removal? With bone removal?

A

Without - 0-17%
With - 4%

139
Q

What is the recurrence rate for cats with peripheral odontogenic fibromas?

A

73% (~75%)

140
Q

MST for dogs treated with surgically excised stage 2 or 3 treated w/vaccine vs without?

A

not reached vs 324d

141
Q

What is the local recurrence rate for acanthomatous ameloblastoma with surgery alone? RT?

A

Sx - 0-91%
RT - 8-18% (10-20%)

142
Q

MST of dogs with oral malignant melanoma of lip and tongue when treated with combination of sx, rt, chemo, and vaccine?

A

lip 580d
tongue >551d

143
Q

Any relationship between history of NSAID use and incidence of cancer in dogs?

AH

A

A study found a significantly reduced risk in dogs with a history of NSAID use (71% reduced risk)

Withrow 2019 - Ch 23 - GI

143
Q

Where are perianal (hepatoid) glands located?

AH

A

In the dermis in a circular fashion around the anus
scattered on the prepuce, tail, pelvic limbs, and trunk

Withrow 2019 - Ch 23 - GI

144
Q

Hormones affecting perianal adenoma?

AH

A

androgenic hormones - stimulate
estrogen - supress

Withrow 2019 - Ch 23 - GI

144
Q

Where are the majority of canine lingual tumors located? Feline?

A

Canine - Dorsal surface
Feline - Ventral surface near frenulum

145
Q
A
146
Q

What percentage of dogs and people have a secondary tumor when there is evidence of a lingual tumor?

A

Dogs - 16% (~15%)
People - 29% (~30%)

147
Q

What are the breed predilections for the different lingual tumors in dogs?

A

MM - Chow, Shar Pei
SCC (most common) - poodle, lab, Samoyed
HSA and FSA - Border collie, golden
Plasma cell tumor - Cocker spaniel

148
Q

What is the rate of local tumor recurrence after glossectomy for dogs with lingual tumors?

A

26-28% (~25-30%)

149
Q

What is the MST for dogs with metastatic disease at the time of diagnosis for lingual tumors? Without mets?

A

Mets - 8 mos
Without - 22 mos

150
Q

What is a negative prognostic indicator associated with lingual HSA?

A

Clinical signs
Size (2-4 cm)

151
Q

What is the typical age of dogs with undifferentiated malignancy?

A

<2 yo

152
Q

What are the common locations of undifferentiated malignancy of young dogs?

A

Hard palate
Upper molar teeth
Maxilla
Orbit

153
Q

What is the typical appearance of MLO on imaging?

A

“Popcorn” bony lesion

154
Q

What is the rate of metastasis for dogs with MLO?

A

58% (~60%)
- 25% completely excised
- 75% incompletely excised

155
Q

What is the MST for MLO in dogs?

A

11 - 50 mos
overall: 21 mos

156
Q

What location of MLO is associated with a better outcome in dogs?

A

Mandibular

157
Q

What are the two broad categories of odontogenic tumors and which species are they more common in?

A

Inductive and noninductive
Cats

158
Q

What is the most common odontogenic tumor in cats and what is the classic radiographic appearance? Location?

A

Inductive fibroameloblastoma
Radiolucent halo
Upper canine teeth and maxilla

159
Q

What types of osteomas have been described in dogs?

A

Peripheral
Central

160
Q

What is the second most common diagnosis associated with a salivary gland tumor in pets?

A

Sialadenitis (~30%)

161
Q

What are clinical signs associated with salivary gland neoplasia in pets?

A

Halitosis, weight loss, anorexia, dysphagia, exophthalmos, Horner’s, sneezing, dysphonia

162
Q

What salivary gland is most commonly affected for neoplastic conditions in cats? Dogs?

A

Cats - mandibular
Dogs - parotid

163
Q

What infectious agent is associated with esophageal neoplasia?

A

Spirocerca lupi

164
Q

Which breed and sex of dogs are predisposed to exocrine pancreatic neoplasia?

A

Female
Spaniels

165
Q

What is a paraneoplastic condition associated with exocrine pancreatic neoplasia in cats specifically?

A

paraneoplastic alopecia

166
Q

What is the size cutoff for a mass in the pancreas in cats which is associated more likely with neoplasia rather than hyperplasia?

A

> 2 cm, solitary

167
Q

Which tight junction molecule expression pattern may be helpful in diagnosis of pancreatic carcinoma?

A

Claudin-4

168
Q

What is the overall MST for cats with pancreatic carcinoma? Chemo and/or Sx?

A

MST - 3 mos
Chemo and/or Sx - 5.5 mos

169
Q

What is a poor prognostic indicator for cats with pancreatic carcinoma?

A

Abdominal effusion - MST 1 mo

170
Q

Chemotherapies that have demonstrated antitumor activity in the gross disease setting for AGASACA

A

carboplatin, cisplatin, and actinomycin D

171
Q

Chemotherapies used in the post-op setting for AGASACA

A

mitoxantrone and melphalan

172
Q

MST of surgery alone vs surgery and chemotherapy for AGASACA

A

~16 months for both
no significant difference in outcome between dogs treated with surgery alone and dogs treated with surgery and chemotherapy
Surgery alone - 500 days
Surgery and chemotherapy 540 days

173
Q

Response rates of dogs with gross disease treated with hypofractionated or fractionated
protocols for AGASACA

A

38% to 75%

174
Q

Response of dogs with AGASACA treated with palliative protocols

A

Improvement of CS - 63%
Hypercalcemia - 31%

175
Q

PFI and MST in dogs with AGASACA treated with palliative-intent hypofractionated
protocols

A

PFI: 10-11 months
MST: 8-15 months

176
Q

Overall MSTs for dogs with AGASACA

A

1 to 2.5 years

177
Q

Poor prognostic factors for AGASACA

A

Primary tumor size Presence of clinical signs Presence of LN metastasis Size of LN metastasis Presence of distant metastasis
Nonpursuit of surgery Treatment with chemotherapy alone
Lack of any therapy at all
Histologic features of the primary tumor
E-cadherin immunoreactivity,
Hypercalcemia

Withrow (11 decks)

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