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Hematopoietic Neoplasia Flashcards

1
Q

Breeds with high incidence of lymphoma

A

boxers, bullmastifs, bassets, st bernards, scottish terriers, airedales, pit bulls, briards, irish setters, rottweilers, and bulldogs

low risk - dachshunds and pomeranians

cant believe not goldens

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2
Q

what genetic alteration has been shown to have a prognostic advantage for dogs with lymphoma

A

trisomy of chromosome 13 - increased duration of first remission

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3
Q

what mutation has been proven in golden retrievers with lymphoma

A

somatic mutations leading to deficiencies in DNA repair mechanisms

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4
Q

Environmental factors implicated in lymphoma

A

exposure to tobacco, proximity to environmental waste, strong magnetic field proximity, lawn care products (2,4-D), maybe helicobacter

not flea and tick products

all are really unproven

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5
Q

immunologic factors associated with lymphoma development

A

ITP
one case of cyclosporin treatment
one atopic dermatitis and epitheliotropic lsa report - unknown if its the disease process or the treatments

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6
Q

prevalence of different lymphoma forms in dogs

A

multicentric - 80%
alimentary - 5-7%
mediastinal - 5 %

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7
Q

what dog breed has been shown to develop GI lymphoma from lymphocytic plasmacytic IBD

A

Basenjis

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8
Q

breeds association for GI lymphoma in dogs

A

shar-pei and boxer

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9
Q

prevalence of hypercalcemia in mediastinal lsa

A

10-40%
most commonly t cell
single case of gamma delta t cell lsa with large granular lymphs

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10
Q

cutaneous lymphoma phenotype

A

usually CD8+ t cells - in humans CD4
circulating cells = sezary syndrome (seen in dogs and cats)

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11
Q

non-epitheliotropic lymphoma definition histologically

A

spare the epidermis and papillary dermis and affect the middle and deep dermis and sq

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12
Q

phenotype of hepatosplenic lymphoma

A

gamma delta T cells - extremely aggressive
same in humans

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13
Q

intravascular (angiotropic) lymphoma-
what is it?
what anatomic locations is it associated with?
phenotype/

A

lymphocytes within the lumen of bloodvessels but no distinct mass or leukemia
includes CNS, peripheral nervous system and the eye
b cell is most common phenotype in humans but in dogs seems to be t cell or null cell, one b cell case report

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14
Q

what clinical sign is more common with mediastinal lymphoma than others

A

pre caval syndrome - pitting edema of the head neck and forelimbs due to compression or invasion of the cranial vena cava

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15
Q

phenotype and cns distribution of lymphoma

A

b cell = meningeal, perivascular, and periventricular
t cell = peripheral nerves

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16
Q

pathophysiology of hypercalcemia in lymphoma

A

may be pthrp
may also be IL1 TNFa TGFb and vit d analogs being released

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17
Q

what percent of multicentric lymphoma dogs will have radiographic changes to their chest

A

60-75%
1/3 have pulmonary infiltrates
2/3 have thoracic lymphadenopathy
can see pulm effusion

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18
Q

cxr pattern of pulmonary lymphoma infiltrates

A

usually interstitial to alveolar
rare bronchial

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19
Q

most common lab abnormality of a dog with lymphoma

A

anemia

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20
Q

frequency of thrombocytopenia
frequency of neutrophilia
frequency of lymphocytosis

A

thrombocytopenia 30 - 50% of cases
neutrophilia 25-40%
lymphocytosis 20%

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21
Q

frequency of monoclonal gamopathy in lsa

A

6%

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22
Q

large cell lymphoma cytologic characteristics

A

2 x rbc and larger than neut
visible nucleoli and basophilic cytoplasm with or without perinuclear clearing zone
fin chromatic with indistinct nucleoli

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23
Q

T cell markers

A

CD3 - pan T
CD4 - t helper
cd8 - cytoxic t

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24
Q

b cell markers

A

CD79a, CD20, CD21
indolent tzone can express CD21

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25
Q

sensitivity of parr for lsa in dogs

A

70-90%
5% fasle positive

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26
Q

Immunophenotype for
DLBCL

A

CD1+, CD20+ CD21+ CD45+ CD79a+, Pax5+ MCHII+ CD18 low

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27
Q

Immunophenotype for
peripheral t cell lymphoma

A

CD3+, CD79a–, CD21–, CD45+, CD5+, CD4+/–, CD8+/–, CD18high, TCRαβ

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28
Q

Immunophenotype for
marginal zone lymphoma
and histologic features

A
  • nodal or splenic or extranodal mucosa
  • nodular or follicular on histo
  • intermediate sized cells
  • rare mitotic activity - except nodal
  • CD1+, CD20+, CD21+, CD45+,
    CD79a+, MHCII+, CD18inter- mediate
  • similar to dlbcl but smaller sized cells
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29
Q

Immunophenotype for
Tzone lymphoma and histologic features

A
  • CD45–, CD3+, CD5+, CD21+, CD4+/–, CD8+/–
  • small to intermediate size with rare mitotic figures
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30
Q

Immunophenotype for
precursor t cell lymphoma
+ features

A

CD45+, CD34+/–, CD5+/–, CD3+/–, CD4+/–, CD8–
diffuse or leukemia
intermediate sized
high MC

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31
Q

Immunophenotype for
precursor b cell lymphoma
+ features

A

CD45+, CD18+, CD34+/–, CD79a+, CD21+/–, CD20+/–
diffuse or leukemia
intermediate sized
high MC

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32
Q

Immunophenotype for
mantle cell lymphoma
+ histologic features

A
  • splenic white pulp
  • nodular/follicular
  • small to intermediate sized and variable MC
  • CD20+, CD21+, CD45+, CD79a+, MHCII+
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33
Q

Immunophenotype for
follicular lymphoma
+ histologic features

A
  • solitary or multiple lymph nodes
  • mixed cell size mostly small 1-3 nucleoli
  • CD20+, CD21+, CD45+, CD79a+, MHCII+
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34
Q

common causes of a false + parr

A

ehrlichiosis leishmaniasis

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35
Q

What percent of dogs with lymphoma are at least stage III at the time of diagnosis?

A

> 80%

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36
Q

What are myeloproliferative neoplasm (MPNs)? List different myeloproliferative neoplasms

A
  1. Characterized by excessive production of differentiated bone marrow cells
  2. Polycythemia vera, CML, essential thrombocythemia, primary myelofibrosis
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37
Q

What percent of dogs with multicentric lymphoma have thoracic involvement based on chest x-rays?

A

60-75%
1/3rd with pulmonary involvement, 2/3rd with lymphadenopathy

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38
Q

Most common AML subtypes in decreasing frequency

A
  1. Monocytic leukemia (M5a, M5b) - 42%
  2. myelomonocytic leukemia (M4) - 33%
  3. myeloblastic leukemia without differentiation (M1) - 13%
  4. megakaryoblastic leukemia (M7) - 5%
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39
Q

What AML subtype has not been identified in dogs?

A

acute promyelocytic leukemia (M3)

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40
Q

What mutation is associated with humans with polycythemia vera? This has been identified in 1 out of 5 dogs with PV.

A

JAK2

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41
Q

True or false: Both immature and mature neutrophils are present in CML

A

True

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42
Q

What chromosomal translocation is present in humans with CML? What is the analogous translocation in dogs?

A

In humans: Philadelphia chromosome (BCR-ABL translocation between chromosomes 9 and 22)
In dogs: “Raleigh Chromosome” (BCR-ABL translocation between chromosomes 9 and 26)

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43
Q

What characterizes an essential thrombocythemia?

A

Platelets consistently >600,000/uL with other causes of thrombocytosis ruled out (inflammation, IMHA, iron deficiency anemia, rebound from ITP, splenectomy, cancer)

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44
Q

What is myelodysplastic syndrome (MDS)?

A

Dysfunction of the bone marrow which usually presents with cytopenias in two or three cell lines. Sometimes referred to as preleukemia because it may progress to acute leukemia.

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45
Q

In polycythemia vera what is the typical PCV?

A

65-85%

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46
Q

What staining is used for neutrophil differentiation in AML?

A

Positive staining of blasts for peroxidase, Sudan Black B, and chloracetate

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47
Q

What staining is used for monocyte differentiation in AML?

A

Nonspecific esterases (α-naphthyl acetate esterase or α-naphthyl butyrate esterase)

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48
Q

What staining is used for megakaryocytes in AML?

A

Acetylcholinesterase; Also von Willebrand’s factor and platelet glycoproteins for megakaryocyte precursors

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49
Q

Is ALP a useful marker for AML?

A

Recent study indicated it was useful in a diagnosis of AML if neoplastic cells express only CD34

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50
Q

What cancers are CD34+ on flow?

A

ALL and AML

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51
Q

EPO is ~LOW or HIGH~ in polycythemia vera?

A

LOW

52
Q

MST for AML with chemotherapy? With palliative care?

A

0.5 – 2 months with chemotherapy; 1-2 weeks with palliative care

53
Q

Treatment for polycythemia vera?

A
  1. Phlebotomy – PCV should be reduced to 50-60% or by 1/6 of its starting value; making sure to replace lost volume and electrolytes with fluids
  2. Hydroxyurea
  3. JAK2 inhibitors and Radiophosphorus used in people
54
Q

Treatment for CML?

A
  1. Imatinib used in humans
  2. Palladia and hydroxyurea used in dogs
55
Q

Most common M component in multiple myeloma?

A

IgA and IgG – one report 78% were IgA

56
Q

What is Waldenström’s macroglobulinemia?

A

When M component in multiple myeloma is IgM

57
Q

What percentage of dogs with multiple myeloma have evidence of bony lysis or diffuse osteoporosis?

A

25-66%

58
Q

What are the causes of bleeding diathesis in multiple myeloma?

A

M component may interfere with coagulation by:
1. Inhibiting platelet aggregating and the release of platelet factor 3
2. Causing adsorption of minor clotting proteins
3. Generating abnormal fibrin polymerization
4. Producing a functional decrease in calcium

59
Q

What percentage of dogs and cats have clinical evidence of hemorrhage in multiple myeloma?

A

10-30% in dogs, up to 25% in cats

60
Q

Hyperviscosity syndrome in multiple myeloma is most commonly present with which kinds of Ig?

A

IgM > IgA > IG
dimerized IgA

61
Q

Hyperviscosity syndrome occurs in what percentage of dogs with multiple myeloma?

A

20-40%

62
Q

What are the sequelae of hyperviscosity syndrome?

A

Bleeding diathesis, neurologic signs (e.g., dementia, depression, seizure activity, coma),
ophthalmic abnormalities (e.g, dilated and tortuous retinal vessels, retinal hemorrhage, retinal detachment), and increased cardiac workload with the potential for subsequent development of cardiomyopathy.

63
Q

What percentage of dogs and cats with Multiple myeloma have renal disease?

A

50% of dogs, 30-40% of cats

64
Q

Pathogenesis of renal failure in multiple myeloma?

A

Multifactorial: Bence Jones proteinuria, tumor infiltration into renal tissue, hypercalcemia, amyloidosis, diminished perfusion from HVS, dehydration, ascending urinary tract infections

65
Q

Most common cause of death in animals with MM?

A

Susceptibility to infection and immunodeficiency

66
Q

Percent of dogs and cats with multiple myeloma/MRD with Bence Jones Proteinuria?

A

25-40% of dogs, 40% of cats

67
Q

Most common clinical signs of multiple myeloma/MRD in dogs and cats?

A

Lethargy, inappetence, weight loss, lameness, bleeding diathesis, ocular abnormalities, PU/PD, CNS changes, heart murmur (cats), concurrent cutaneous plasma cell tumor (cat)

68
Q

Diagnosis of multiple myeloma?

A

Bone marrow plasmacytosis, osteolytic bone lesions, serum or urine myeloma proteins, visceral organ infiltration

69
Q

Melphalan + prednisone protocols for multiple myeloma in dogs?

A

Daily: 0.1mg/kg PO q24 x 10days, then 0.05mg/kg PO q24h
Pulse dosing: 7mg/m2 PO for 5 days every 3 weeks
Prednisone: 0.5mg/kg PO q24h x 10days, then 0.5mg q48h for 60 days, then d/c

70
Q

Most clinically significant toxicity with melphalan?

A

Delayed thrombocytopenia, which is slow to recover and can be irreversible

71
Q

Treatment of choice for cats with multiple myeloma and why?

A
  • Cyclophosphamide 250mg/m2 PO q2-3wks or 25mg/cat twice weekly and prednisolone
  • Cats more sensitive to myelosuppressive effects of melphalan
72
Q

Alternative agents for multiple myeloma treatment in dogs and cats?

A

Chlorambucil, Lomustine, Cyclophosphamide, tanovea

73
Q

Treatment and prognosis for dogs with IgM macroglobulinemia?

A

Chlorambucil
MST 11 months

74
Q

Response rates and MST of dogs treated with melphalan for multiple myeloma?

A

43% CR, 49% PR in one study; ORR of 86% in another study
540 days in one study; 930 in another

75
Q

MST of cats with multiple myeloma?

A

8-13 months

76
Q

Most common locations of extramedullary plasmacytoma in the dog?

A

Cutaneous (86%), mucous membranes of oral cavity and lips (9%), GI tract (4%)

77
Q

Breeds with increased risk of extramedullary plasmacytoma?

A

American Cocker Spaniel, English Cocker Spaniel, Westies

78
Q

What is MUM1+ aside from plasma cell tumors?

A

Cutaneous histiocytoma

79
Q

What cat breed is over-represented in cases with lymphoma?

A

Siamese/Oriental

80
Q

What form of lymphoma do Siamese/Oriental cats show a predisposition for?

A

Mediastinal, younger

81
Q

What is the median age of onset of lymphoma in cats today? In the FeLV era?

A

Now - 11 - 12 yo
FeLV era - 3 - 5 yo

82
Q

What forms of lymphoma more commonly show FeLV proviral insertion?

A

T - cell thymic and peripheral lymph node forms

83
Q

What immunophenotype of lymphoma is more commonly associated with FIV? FeLV?

A

FIV - B-cell
FeLV - T-cell

84
Q

What prevalence of mucosa invading bacteria were observed in feline large cell lymphoma in a case control study? Small cell? Lymphocytic-plasmacytic enteritis?

A

Large - 82% (80%)
Small - 18% (20%)
Enteritis - 3% (5%)

85
Q

Where in the GIT is feline alimentary lymphoma most common?

A

Small intestine (4x more likely than the large)
LGAL - jejunum, ilium

86
Q

Where in the GIT is feline large granular lymphoma most common?

A

Stomach, jejunum (NK), proximal large intestine

87
Q

What is the treatment of choice and prognosis for feline low grade alimentary lymphoma?

A

Chlorambucil/pred, >80% response, MST 1.5 - 3 years

88
Q

What is the treatment of choice and prognosis for feline intermediate/high grade alimentary lymphoma?

A

CHOP/COP, 50-60% response (30% CR), MST 3-10 months

89
Q

What is the treatment of choice and prognosis for feline large granular lymphoma?

A

CHOP/COP or CCNU, 30% response, MST 45 - 90 d (1.5 - 3 mo)

90
Q

How common is anemia in cats with alimentary lymphoma? Hypoproteinemia?

A

Anemia - 76% cases
Hypoproteinemia - 23%

91
Q

What prognosis is reported for rescue protocols for feline LGAL?

A

MST 9 - 29 mos

92
Q

What outcome was observed with radiation therapy in progressive feline lymphoma cases?

A

MST 7 mos

93
Q

What is “Hodgkins-like” lymphoma in cats?

A

Solitary or regional lymph nodes in the head and neck, T-cell rich B-cell lymphoma, Reed-Sternberg-like cells (binucleated lymphocyte with eyeball appearance), more indolent

94
Q

What is treatment of choice and outcome in Hodgkins-like lymphoma?

A

Surgical extirpation or RT, MST 1 year

95
Q

What is the treatment of choice and outcome in cats with mediastinal lymphoma? FeLV(+) cats?

A

CHOP/COP, ORR 95%, MST 373 days (~1 year)

FeLV: MST 2-3 months

96
Q

What is the sensitivity and specificity of PARR in cats?

A

Sensitivity - 80%
Specificity - not evaluated

97
Q

What is the MST of nasal lymphoma in cats if not treated?

A

53 d (~2 months)

98
Q

What is the treatment of choice for nasal lymphoma and what are the outcomes?

A

RT, CR 75-95%, MST 1.5 - 3 yrs
- if no CR, MST 4.5 months

99
Q

What are the outcomes in nasal lymphoma cats treated with chemotherapy?

A

CR 75%, MST 2 years (cats that achieve CR)

100
Q

Which kidney is feline renal lymphoma typically found in?

A

Bilateral >80%

101
Q

What is the outcome in cats with renal lymphoma treated with COP/CHOP?

A

MST 4 - 7 months

102
Q

Where do most cases of spinal lymphoma in cats occur?

A

Thoracolumbar or lumbosacral

103
Q

What is the response and survival time in cats treated for CNS lymphoma with chemotherapy?

A

<50% RR, MST 1 - 4 months

104
Q

Where is cutaneous lymphoma typically found in cats?

A

head and face

105
Q

Where is subcutaneous lymphoma typically found in cats?

A

Lateral thoracic, lateral abdominal wall, intrascapular, tarsal

106
Q

What is the PFS and OST after surgical removal of subcutaneous lymphoma in cats?

A

PFS - 101 days (3.4 months)
OST - 148 days (5 months)

107
Q

What is the MST in feline subcutaneous lymphoma treated with chemotherapy?

A

6 months

108
Q

In cats with laryngeal or tracheal lymphoma, what are the outcomes with systemic chemotherapy or RT?

A

90% CR to CHOP/COP
MSTs 5.5 - 9 months if achieve CR

109
Q

What is the treatment of choice and outcome in cats with ocular lymphoma?

A

Enucleation
MST 6 mo - 4 years

110
Q

What confirms a diagnosis of feline acute leukemia?

A

Bone marrow aspirate with >30% abnormal blast cells

111
Q

What helps support a diagnosis of CLL in cats?

A

> 15% mature lymphocytes in BMA

112
Q

What is the infectious disease status in cats with ALL? Immunophenotype?

A

60-80% FeLV (+)
T-cell

113
Q

Conventional CHOP induces remission in approximately what percent of dogs (range)?

A

80-95%

114
Q

What are treatment outcomes in cats with CLL?

A

Chlorambucil/pred - 90% RR, median remission duration 6 months
50% CR, median remission duration 14 months

115
Q

Is there a sex predilection for dogs with AML?

A

More frequent in males, 2:1

116
Q

Which disorders are included in myeloproliferative neoplasms?

A

polycythemia vera, CML, essential thrombocythemia, +/- primary myelofibrosis

117
Q

What is the definition of aleukemic leukemia? Subleukemic leukemia?

A

Aleukemic - neoplastic blasts present in bone marrow but not in circulation
Subleukemic - normal or decreased WBC count with some neoplastic cells in circulation

118
Q

Single agent Doxorubicin expected CR rate for canine lymphoma (range)? MST?

A

50-75% ; 6-8 months

119
Q
A
120
Q

List causes of lymphoma cell chemotherapy resistance

A
  1. Increased MDR1 expression in treated cells
  2. Inadequate dosing intensity or frequency
  3. Initial treatment w/ pred alone
  4. Failure to achieve high volumes of chemo in privileged sites
121
Q

Reinduction rate of CHOP (i.e. CHOP #2)

A

80-90%

122
Q

Target of Rituximab

A

CD20 antigen

123
Q

What phenotype is canine colorectal lymphoma usually?

A

B- cell

124
Q

Name two things on a flow cytometry report that may suggest a worse prognosis in B-cell lymphoma

A

Low MHC-II expression and low B5 antigen expression

125
Q

Usual phenotype of CLL?

A

2/3rds T-cell (majority CD3+/CD8+), 1/3rd B-cell (CD21+). Note the third most common phenotype is atypical and is a combination of phenotypes

126
Q

Usual phenotype of ALL?

A

B-cell (<10% T-cell)

127
Q
A

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