Paramedic State Test 2023 pt 4 Flashcards
What are the indications for supplemental oxygen?
Dyspnea (SOB)
Hypoxia
Pulse oximeter below 94%
Altered/decrease LOC
Respiratory/cardiac arrest
Hypoperfusion (shock)
How many LPM can a NC use?
up to 6 LPM can be administered
How much oxygen does a NC deliver?
Delivers 24%-44% oxygen (about 4% per liter above 21% room air)
How many LPM can a non-rebreather use?
12-15 LPM
How much oxygen can a NRB mask deliver
90%
What are agonal respiration?
Slow, shallow, infrequent breaths
What do agonal respirations indicate?
Brain anoxia
What are Biot’s respirations?
Irregular pattern of rate and depth and periodic apnea
What do Biot’s respirations indicate?
Increased intercranial pressure
what are central neurologic hyperventilation?
Deep, rapid respirations
What do centeral neurologic hyperventilations indicate?
Increased intracranial pressure
what are cheyne-stokes respirations?
Progressively deeper and faster breaths, changing to slower and shallow breaths
What do cheyne-stokes respirations indicate?
Brain injury
What are kussmal respirations?
Deep, gasping breaths
What do kussmal respirations indicate?
Possible DKA
What are rales (crackles)?
Fine, bubbling sound on inspiration
What do rales (crackles) indicate?
Fluid in lower airways
What are rhonchi?
Course sounds on inspiration
What does rhonchi indicate?
Inflammation or mucus in lower airways
What is wheezing?
High-pitched sound on inspiration or expiration
What does wheezing indicate?
Bronchoconstriction
What does snoring indicate?
Partial airway obstruction from the tongue
What is stridor?
High-pitched sound indicating significant upper airway obstruction
What may stridor indicate?
Foreign body, angioedema, anaphylaxis
What does gurgling indicate?
Fluid in upper airway
What is an indication for CPAP?
Alert and spontaneously breathing patients at least 12 years of age, significant respiratory distress such as sleep apnea, COPD, pulmonary edema, CHF, pneumonia
What are contraindications for CPAP?
Apnea, patient unable to follow verbal commands, suspected pneumothorax, onset trauma, tracheostomy, vomiting, GI bleeding, hypotension
What is pulse oximetry?
Measures oxygenation
What is pulse co oxymetry?
Newer technology available in prehospital that can detect for carboxyhemoglobin and methemoglobin
What does capnography do?
Measures carbondioxide and ventilatory status
What does capnography reflect?
Changes in ventilatory status almost immediately
What is capnometry?
Provides a numeric display of expired CO2
What is capnography?
Graphic displays of capnometry
What is colormetric ETCO2?
Disposable color changing device placed between the patient and ventilation device
What are the normal arterial CO2 (PaCO2) and ETCO2 values?
35-45 mmHg (all ages)
What causes high ETCO2?
Possible hypoventilation
What causes low ETCO2?
Possible hyperventilation
What causes the ETCO2 to drop to 0?
Possible esophageal intubation or displaced tube
What can cause a sudden sharp drop in ETCO2?
Possible pulmonary embolism, cardiac arrest, hypotension, hyperventilation
