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Special Clinical Micro > Paracytology > Flashcards

Paracytology Flashcards

1
Q

Define symbiosis

A

symbiosis permanent association of two organisms that can’t exist independently

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2
Q

Define Mutualism

A

both organisms benefit

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3
Q

Define Commensalism

A

One organism benefits the other is unharmed

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4
Q

Define Facultative Parasite

A

live both a free living and a parasitic existence during their life cycles

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5
Q

Define Obligate Parasite

A

completely dependent upon a host for existence

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6
Q

What do ectoparasites cause?

A

infestations (fleas, lice)

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7
Q

What do endoparasites cause?

A

infections (worms)

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8
Q

definitive host

A

host in which the sexual stage of the life cycle occurs

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9
Q

intermediate host

A

host in which the asexual stage of the life cycle occurs

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10
Q

reservoir host

A

animals other than man which harbor human parasites

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11
Q

What are the requirements for transmission of a parasitic infection?

A

source of infection, mode of transmission, the presence of a susceptible host

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12
Q

What are the functions of ectoplasm of protozoan?

A

excretion, movement, obtaining food/phagocytize, protection

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13
Q

What are the functions of endoplasm of protozoan?

A

reproduction, digestion

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14
Q

Classes of protozoa and their means of motility:

A
  • sarcodina (amoeba)
  • pseudopods (extension of ectoplasm)
  • ciliate: cilia
  • Mastigophora:flagella
  • Sporozoa: non motile
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15
Q

What is a trophozoite?

A

(troph) the actively reproducing motile feeding stage

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16
Q

What is a cyst?

A

inactive, nonmotile, nonfeeding stage with protective cell wall (infective stage)

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17
Q

What is the most important parasitic amoeba?

A

Entamoeba histolytica

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18
Q

Where does Enatmoeba histolytica live?

A

in the large intestine (colon)

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19
Q

Describe the troph and cyst forms of Entamoeba histolytica

A

Troph: progressive movement, contains one nucleus with a central karyosome and even-staining peripheral chromatin and may contain ingested RBC’s

Cyst: contains up to 4 nuclei and has cigar-shaped chromotoidal bars

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20
Q

What makes Entamoeba gingivalis different from Entamoeba histolytica?

A

E. gingivalis lives in the mouth and has no cyst stage

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21
Q

Where does Enatmoeba coli live?

A

large intestine (colon)

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22
Q

Describe the troph and cyst forms of Entamoeba coli

A

Troph: sluggish random motility, contains one nucleus with an eccentric karyosome and uneven peripheral chromatin and contains ingested bacteria

Cyst: contains up to 8 nucle, chromatoid bars (if present) are irregular with splintered cells

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23
Q

Where does Endolimax nana live?

A

large intestine (colon)

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24
Q

How is Endolimax nana recognized?

A

by characteristic nuclear structure (has a large irregular eccentric karyosome “lump of coal”) seen in both the troph and cyst stages

Cyst: can be somewhat ovoid, contains up to 4 nuclei and no chromatoidal bars

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25
Q

What does Entamoeba hartmanii look like?

A

Entamoeba histolytica only smaller

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26
Q

Is Entamoeba hartmanii a pathogen?

A

no

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27
Q

What non-pathogen looks exactly like Entamoeba histolytica?

A

Entamoeba hartmanii

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28
Q

How is Iodamoeba butschlii most easily recognized?

A

in cyst form by the presence of a large glycogen body which will stain a golden brown with iodine

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29
Q

This parasitic amoeba can be a slight intestinal pathogen and causes mild diarrhea

A

Dientamoeba fragilis

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30
Q

How is Dientamoeba fragilis characterized?

A

by the fact that it is the only amoeba with two nuclei in the troph stage and by the fact that there is no cyst stage

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31
Q

Name the parasites without a cyst stage

A

Dientamoeba fragilis, Entamoeba gingivallis, and Trichomonas vaginalis

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32
Q

What are Charcot-Leyden crystals?

A

refractile, long spicules produced by trauma to the GI tract that are indicative of the presence of intestinal parasites, particularly Entamoeba histolytica (causative agent of amebiasis)

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33
Q

What are composed of the granules of ruptures eosinophils?

A

Charcot-Leyden crystals

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34
Q

Name a species of free living amoeba that can cause a rapidly fatal form of meningitis in patients who have gone swimming and/or diving in stagnant water ponds

A

Naegleria fowlerii

35
Q

How are Naegleria fowlerii best observed?

A

by examining the CSF in a hemocytometer

36
Q

Name the only parasitic member of the ciliate class

A

Balantidium coli

37
Q

Balantidium coli is normally a parasite of what animal?

A

hogs

38
Q

Describe the troph and cyst forms of Balantidium coli

A

Troph: large organism with cilia, containing a funnel shaped depression, a kidney-bean shaped macronucleus and smaller pear shaped micronucleus

Cyst: also large but is more rounded and lacks external cilia

39
Q

Name the most important parasitic flagellate

A

Giardia lamblia

40
Q

What is the usual habitat of Giardia lamblia?

A

doudenum

41
Q

Describe the troph and cyst forms of Giardia lamblia

A

Troph: bilaterally symmetrical, pear shaped with an oval concave ventral sucking disc, 2 nuclei, a rod-like axostyle and numerous flagella. It moves with characteristic falling-leaf motility

Cyst: oval with up to 4 nuclei

42
Q

Chilomastix mesnili is what kind of flagellate?

A

commensal

43
Q

Describe the troph and cyst form of Chilomastix mesnili

A

Troph: distinct lateral curve to its body, a single nucleus, and a cytostome

Cyst: lemon-shaped and also has a single nucleus and a cytostome

44
Q

What is the most common species of Trichomonas?

A

Trichomonas vagilis

45
Q

What is the largest species of Trichomonas?

A

Trichomonas vagilis

46
Q

Where does Trichomonas vagilis inhabit?

A

urogenital system of both males and females

47
Q

Describe the troph and cyst forms of Trichomonas vagilis

A

Troph: comparable in size to a seg, and has a prominent undulating membrane

Cyst: no cyst stage

48
Q

How is Trichomonas vaginalis transmitted?

A

sexual contact

49
Q

What are some problems associated with Trichomonas vaginalis if left untreated?

A

sterility

50
Q

What specimen is Trichomonas vaginalis most often isolated from?

A

urine- NOT feces

51
Q

What is an axostyle?

A

“backbone” of cell, gives support

52
Q

What is a blepharoplast?

A

controls movement of flagella

53
Q

What is a cytostome?

A

cell “mouth” - where particulate matter enters

54
Q

What is an undulating membrane?

A

motion of UM can direct particulate matter into cytostome

55
Q

In what class is Isospora belli? What is another name for an organism found in this class?

A

Sporozoa

AKA a cocidian

56
Q

Where does Isospora belli live?

A

intestine of man and other animals

57
Q

Review the structure and characteristic host of the 4 morphological forms of blood flagellates

A

Insects: crithidial form & leptomonad form.
Vertebrates: leishmanial form-no flagella (intracellular)
Trypanosomal form-long anterior flagella with a central nucleus

58
Q

Which form is also known as the Donovan (or L-D) body?

A

Leishmanial form

59
Q

All Leishmanial occur in man as?

A

Intracellular inclusions in macrophages

60
Q

This organism also occurs in man as an intracellular inclusion in macrophages

A

Trypanosoma cruzii

61
Q

What is the main invertebrate host of Leishmania?

A

several species of sand flies (Genus Phlebotomas)

insect vectors

62
Q

What parasite causes African sleeping sickness?

A

Trypanosoma gambiense-West African sleeping sickness

Trypanosoma rhodesiense-East African sleeping sickness

63
Q

How is African sleeping sickness transmitted?

A

tsetse fly

64
Q

African sleeping sickness affects…

A

the CNS, in the chronic form

65
Q

Trypanosoma gambiense

A

sleeping sickness

Tsetse fly

66
Q

Trypanosoma cruzii

A

Chagas disease

Kissing bug

67
Q

Leishmania donovani

A 
Kala-azar, visceral Leishmaniasis LD bodies
Genus phlebotomis (sand flies)
68
Q

Leishmania braziliensis

A 
Espundia
Genus phlebotomis (sand flies)
69
Q

Leishmania tropica

A 
Oriental sore, Baghdad?Deli boil
Genus phlebotomis (sand flies)
70
Q

Plasmodium vivax

A

prefers retics
RBC’s enlarged
Shuffner’s granules

71
Q

Plasmodium falciparum

A

applique forms and crescent shaped gametocytes
multiple infected cells are common
Blackwater fever

72
Q

Plasmodium ovale

A

cells are oval and fimbriated (irregular)

73
Q

Plasmodium malariae

A

rosette appearance of merozoites and band trophozoites

74
Q

When is Plasmodium motile?

A

when the microgametocytes undergo exflagellation-the sperm produced possess flagella for a brief period until fertilization occurs

75
Q

In Plasmodium falciparum infections, complications of malaria are due to what? What is this form of malaria called and why?

A

vascular obstruction caused by the “sticky” parasites in the capillary beds. This is called “Blackwater fever” due to the severe hematuria that occurs

76
Q

What are some general symptoms of malaria?

A

cyclic chills and fever, headache, muscular aches, nausea

77
Q

What other protozoan can be confused with Plasmodium falciparum? Why are they easily confused? Why must they be differentiated?

A

Babesia microti due to its appearance in a peripheral blood smear
Troph form of falciparum appears in a ring form and Babesia appears as a maltese cross that looks similar to the ring form

must be differentiated because malarial drugs are toxic and are of no benefit in the treatment of infections due to Babesia

78
Q

How can Toxoplasma gondii be contracted?

A

contact with infected cat feces

79
Q

How is Toxoplasma gondii diagnosed?

A

serological techniques

classic test is Sabin-Feldman dye test

80
Q

What is the causative agent of a leading cause of death among AIDS patients?

A

pneumocystis carinii (PCP pneumonia)

81
Q

Pneumocystis carinii is likely to infect..

A

immunocompromised patients

82
Q

This intestinal sporozoan can cause mild GI disturbances in man and other vertebrates

A

cryptosporidium which can not be killed by chlorination

83
Q

What is the best identification test for Cryptosporidium?

A

acid fast stain

Special Clinical Micro (5 decks)

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