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FINAL EXAM Flashcards

1
Q

List the asexual and sexual spores of fungi and give an example of an organism which exhibits each type

A

Asexual:
arthrospores, blastospores, chlamydospores

Sexual:
ascospore, basidiospores, zygospore

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2
Q

Identify the fungus: Thick-walled, broad-based yeast

A

Blastomyces dermatiditis

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3
Q

Identify the fungus: Spherules filled with endospores

A

Coccidioides imitis

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4
Q

Identify the fungus: Thick-wall barrel-shaped arthrospores

A

Coccidioies imitus

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5
Q

Identify the fungus:

Spiny tuberculate macroconidia

A

Histoplasma capsulatum

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6
Q

Identify the fungus:

Brown sclerotic bodies

A

Chromomycoses dematiaceous fungi

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7
Q

Identify the fungus:

Thick-walled, spindle-shaped macroconidia

A

Microsporum canis

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8
Q

Identify the fungus:

Colony has a red reverse

A

Trichophyton rubrum

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9
Q

Identify the fungus:

Thin-walled, club-shaped macroconidia in clusters

A

Epidermophyton

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10
Q

Identify the fungus:

Produces germ tube

A

Candida albicans

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11
Q

Identify the fungus:

Causes epidemic scalp ringworm

A

Trichophyton tonsurans

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12
Q

Identify the fungus:

Broad, non-septate hypae in tissue

A

Mucor or rhizopus

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13
Q

Identify the fungus:

Brown, gritty deposits in sputum

A

Aspergillus

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14
Q

Identify the fungus:

Multiple buds in tissue

A

Paracoccidioides

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15
Q

Identify the fungus:

Causes Phycomycoses

A

Mucor or rhizopus

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16
Q

List the species of rickettsia, their mode of transmission (vectors), and the diseases they
cause.

A

Only important one to know: Rocky Mountain spotted fever, deer tick, Rickettsia rickettsii

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17
Q

How do rickettsia differ from chlamydia?

A

rickettsia need an arthrodpod vector

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18
Q

What diseases are caused by chlamydia and how are thy spread?

A

psittacosis

aerosol

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19
Q

Which viruses are indicted by:

Burkitt’s lymphoma

A

Epstein-Barr

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20
Q

Which viruses are indicted by:

Infectious mononucleosis

A

Epstein-Barr

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21
Q

Which viruses are indicted by:

Large, red intranuclear inclusions

A

Cytomegalovirus

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22
Q

Which viruses are indicted by:

Negri bodies

A

rabies

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23
Q

Which viruses are indicted by:

Shingles

A

varicella zoster

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24
Q

Define Definitive host

A

host in which sexual stage of life cycle occurs; adult

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25
Q

Define Intermediate host

A

host in which asexual stage of life cycle occurs;larval stage

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26
Q

Define Reservior host

A

animals other than man

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27
Q

List the four classes of protozoa and their means of motility

A

Sarcodina-pseudopods
Ciliata-cilia
Mastigophora-flagella
Sporozoa-non motile

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28
Q

What protozoan is indicated by:

Sluggish random motility

A

Entamoeba coli

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29
Q

What protozoan is indicated by:

Fine, even peripheral chromatin

A

Entamoeba histolytica

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30
Q

What protozoan is indicated by:

Oval cyst has large, blot-like karyosome

A

Endolimax nana

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31
Q

What protozoan is indicated by:

Large glycogen vacuole stains deeply with iodine

A

Iodamoeba butschlii

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32
Q

What protozoan is indicated by:

Lacks a cyst form

A

Dientamoeba fragilis, Trichomonas vaginalis, Entamoeba gingivallis

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33
Q

What protozoan is indicated by:

Troph is bilaterally symmetrical

A

Giardia lamblia

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34
Q

What protozoan is indicated by:

Pear-shaped troph with jerky motility is found in urine

A

Trichomonas vaginalis

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35
Q

What protozoan is indicated by:

Cyst is lemon-shaped with “nipple” on end

A

Chillomastix mesnili

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36
Q

How are most protozoan diseases transmitted?

A

fecal-oral ingest the cyst

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37
Q

What morphological form of the blood and tissue flagellates is intracellular?

A

LD body or leishmanial forms

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38
Q

Which species exist in this form in human cells?

A

All Leishmania and Trypanosoma cruzii

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39
Q

List the major species of Leishmania and Trypanosoma, the diseases they cause, and their vectors

A

Trypanosoma gambiense- West African sleeping sickness, tsetse fly Leishmania donovani-Kala-azar, LD bodies, sand flies(phlebotomis)
Leishmania braziliensis-espundia, sand flies
Leishmanis tropica-oriental sore, Baghdad/Delhi boil, sand flies
chagas disease Trypanosoma cruzii kissing bug

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40
Q

Describe the principle and interpretation of the Sabin-Feldman dye test

A

In a positive test, Toxoplasma gondii will not take up the dye. In absence of the antibodies it will stain blue

41
Q

What is the first intermediate host of all human flukes?

42
Q

What species of fluke is indicated by:

Usual parasite of sheep has an extremely large egg

A

Fasciola hepatica

43
Q

What species of fluke is indicated by:

Largest fluke found in man

A

Fasciolopsis buski

44
Q

What species of fluke is indicated by:

Ova often confused with Diphyllobothrium latum

A

Paragonimus westermani

45
Q

What species of fluke is indicated by:

Egg has prominent shoulders and resembles a light bulb

A

Clonorchis sinensis

46
Q

What species of fluke is indicated by:

“Bladder fluke” associated with bladder cancer

A

Schistosoma hematobium

47
Q

What species of fluke is indicated by:

Ova can appear in the stool or sputum

A

Paragonimus westermani

48
Q

Define hydatid cyst

A

larval stage of Echinococcus granulosis; tapeworm larvae large bladder filled cyst

49
Q

Define proglottid

A

individual segments of a tapeworm

50
Q

Define neck

A

narrowest part of the tapeworm, located just behind the scolex

51
Q

Define rostellum

A

fleshy extension of scolex that has 1 or 2 rows of hooks

52
Q

Define scolex

A

head of a tapeworm may have suckers (4), bothria (2) or hooks; organ for attachmen

53
Q

Define strobila

A

general term for entire tapeworm

54
Q

List the definitive host, the intermediate host, the diagnostic stage, and the infective stage:
Diphyllobothrium latum

A

Definitive host: man

Intermediate host: freshwater fish

Diagnostic stage:egg

Infective stage: plerocercoid

55
Q

List the definitive host, the intermediate host, the diagnostic stage, and the infective stage:
Taenia saginata

A

Definitive host: man
I
ntermediate host: cow

Diagnostic stage: egg

Infective stage: cysticercus bovis

56
Q

List the definitive host, the intermediate host, the diagnostic stage, and the infective stage:
Taenia solium

A

Definitive host: man

Intermediate host: pig

Diagnostic stage:egg

Infective stage: cysticercus cellulosae

57
Q

List the definitive host, the intermediate host, the diagnostic stage, and the infective stage:
Hymenolepis nana

A

Definitive host: man

Intermediate host: none

Diagnostic stage: egg

Infective stage: fully embryonated egg

58
Q

List the definitive host, the intermediate host, the diagnostic stage, and the infective stage:
Hymenolepis dimunata

A

Definitive host: rat

Intermediate host: grain beetle, flea

Diagnostic stage:egg

Infective stage: cystercoid

59
Q

List the definitive host, the intermediate host, the diagnostic stage, and the infective stage:
Echinococcus granulosus

A

Definitive host: canines

Intermediate host: sheep

Diagnostic stage: hydatid cyst which is found in man

Infective stage: egg

60
Q

How can Taenia saginata and Taenia solium be differentiated?

A

eggs of each are indistinguishable. Uterus of T. solium has only 7-15 lateral branches. T. saginata has more uterine branches, no hooks on scolex.
Man can be infected by T. solium eggs but not by T. saginata eggs

61
Q

How can Hymeolepis nana and Hymenolepis dimunata be differentiated?

A

H. diminuta eggs are larger and have no polar filaments

62
Q

Which one is the “dwarf tapeworm”?

A

Hymenolepsis nana

63
Q

What are spicules?

A

associated in nematode with ejaculating duct-necessary for reproduction

64
Q

How does the life cycle of nematodes differ from that of trematodes (in general)?

A

nematodes have a more simple life cycle, 1 host and external environment, alternate between free living and parasitic

trematodes have at least 1 if not 2 intermediate hosts

65
Q

List the definitive host, intermediate host (if present) the diagnostic stage (include appearance), infective stage, and any appropriate common names:
Ascaris lumbricoides

A

Definitive host: man

Intermediate host: none

Diagnostic stage: egg

Infective stage: embryonated egg

Common Name: roundworm

66
Q

List the definitive host, intermediate host (if present) the diagnostic stage (include appearance), infective stage, and any appropriate common names:
Enterobius vermicularis

A

Definitive host: man

Intermediate host: none

Diagnostic stage: egg

Infective stage: embryonated egg

Common name: pinworm*

67
Q

List the definitive host, intermediate host (if present) the diagnostic stage (include appearance), infective stage, and any appropriate common names:
Necator americanus

A

Definitive host: man

Intermediate host: none

Diagnostic stage: egg

Infective stage: filariform larvae

Common name: hookworm

68
Q

List the definitive host, intermediate host (if present) the diagnostic stage (include appearance), infective stage, and any appropriate common names:
Strongyloides stercoralis

A

Definitive host: man

Intermediate host: none

Diagnostic stage: rhadbitiform larvae

Infective stage: filariform larvae

Common name: threadworm

69
Q

List the definitive host, intermediate host (if present) the diagnostic stage (include appearance), infective stage, and any appropriate common names:
Trichinella spiralis

A

Definitive host: man

Intermediate host: pig

Diagnostic stage: encysted larvae

Infective stage: encysted larvae in muscle

Ccommon name:
pork tapeworm

70
Q

List the definitive host, intermediate host (if present) the diagnostic stage (include appearance), infective stage, and any appropriate common names:
Trichuris trichiuria

A

Definitive host: man

Intermediate host: none

Diagnostic stage: egg
Infective stage: embryonated egg

Common name: whipworm

71
Q

How can the rhabditiform larvae of hookworm and Strongyloides be differentiated?

A

rhabditiform (N. americanus)- long buccal cavity

strongyloides-short buccal cavity

72
Q

How are infections due to these organisms usually acquired?

A

penetration of skin by filariform larvae

73
Q

In the life cycle of Strongylodies, what do the terms autoinfection, direct development, and
indirect development refer to?

A

person infects themselves; like hookworm rhabditifom directly develops into filariform ; rhabditiform develops into a free living adults

74
Q

What is visceral larval migrans and what is it caused by?

A

Toxocara canis

75
Q

Cutaneous larval migrans (or “creeping eruption”)

A

Ancylostoma braziliense

76
Q

List several species of protozoa or helminths which can be diagnosed by observation of a stained blood smear

A

plasmodium, trypanosome, leishmania, microfilarial larva (Brugia)

77
Q

List several distinctive features of filarial worms

A

presence of nuclei helps to id larvae born alive. some have sheath derived from eggshell, have periodicity; female gives birth to live larvae

78
Q

How do Wuchereria bancrofti and Brugia malaya differ?

A

both cause elephantiasis and live in lymphatic system.
*BRUGIA HAS A MUCH HIGHER NUMBER OF MICROFILARIA IN THE BLOODSTREAM
bancrofti is sheathed and Malaya is not
Malaya has more microfilarial larvae

79
Q 
List the intermediate host, the specimen needed for diagnosis, the disease caused, and the 
diagnostic stage (including description) for the following:
Brugia malaya
A

Intermediate host: mosquito

Specimen needed for diagnosis: blood

Disease caused: elephantiasis

Diagnostic stage: microfilaria

80
Q 
List the intermediate host, the specimen needed for diagnosis, the disease caused, and the 
diagnostic stage (including description) for the following:
Dracunculus medinnesis
A

Intermediate host: Cyclops/copepod

Specimen needed for

Diagnosis: skin

Disease caused: dracunculosis

Diagnostic stage: rhabditiform larvae

81
Q 
List the intermediate host, the specimen needed for diagnosis, the disease caused, and the 
diagnostic stage (including description) for the following:
Loa loa
A

Intermediate host: chrysops fly (deer fly)

Specimen needed for

Diagnosis: blood

Disease caused: loiasis (severe eye disease)

Diagnostic stage: microfilaria

82
Q 
List the intermediate host, the specimen needed for diagnosis, the disease caused, and the 
diagnostic stage (including description) for the following:
Onchocerca volvulus
A

Intermediate host: simulium fly (black fly)

Specimen needed for

Diagnosis: skin
Disease caused: river blindness

Diagnostic stage:
microfilaria

83
Q 
List the intermediate host, the specimen needed for diagnosis, the disease caused, and the 
diagnostic stage (including description) for the following:
Wuchereria bancrofti
A

Intermediate host: mosquito

Specimen needed for

Diagnosis: blood
Disease caused: elephantiasis

Diagnostic stage:microfilaria

84
Q

If an ova and parasite exam can not be performed right away, what procedure should be followed

A

perform quick macro and micro exam, add preservative and refrigerate within 30 min.

85
Q

What preservative is usually used for the trichrome stain?

86
Q

What is the main use of a permanent stained smear?

A

to see protozoan cysts and trophs

87
Q

List the two major concentration procedures and the principle of each

A

formalin ether- sedimentation

zinc sulfate-flotation

88
Q

What is the specific gravity of the solution employed in the floatation method

89
Q

If negative results were obtained using the zinc sulfate method, what would be the best course to follow if the doctor still felt the patient had a parasitic disease?

A

Repeat using formalin ether

90
Q

What parasite often causes pneumonitis in children?

91
Q

In which two parasitic infections is autoinfection most common?

A

Pinworm, strongylodies

92
Q

List several species of parasites which can be transmitted by contaminated drinking water

A

E. histolytica, all schistosomes (not HOOKWORMS)

93
Q

List several environmental or climatic factors which are important in the spread and/or prevention of parasitic infections

A

temp, sand, soil, controlling insect population, water filtration

94
Q

Make sure you know the scientific names of the organisms we studied that have the following common names:
Bilhariasis

A

any schistosome (Schistosoma sp.)

95
Q

Make sure you know the scientific names of the organisms we studied that have the following common names:
Blackwater fever

A

Plasmodium falciparum

96
Q

Make sure you know the scientific names of the organisms we studied that have the following common names:
Guinea worm

A

Dracunculus medinensis

97
Q

Make sure you know the scientific names of the organisms we studied that have the following common names:
Thread worm

A

Strongyloides stercoralis

98
Q

Make sure you know the scientific names of the organisms we studied that have the following common names:
eye worm

99
Q

Make sure you know the scientific names of the organisms we studied that have the following common names:
Whipworm

A

Trichuris trichiura

Special Clinical Micro (5 decks)

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