Para-alimentary Anatomy

Question 1

Partoid gland: what type of gland is it? what is its innervation?

Answer 1

It is a purely serous gland Parasympathetic innervation from CN VII/IX

Question 2

What is name of duct of parotid gland?

Answer 2

Stenson’s duct

Question 3

What are other two salivary glands?

What are ducts?

Answer 3

Sublingual and submandibular gland– produce mucinous/serous secretions

Submandibular gland contains Wharton’s duct while sublingual gland has multiple small ducts

Question 4

What is round ligament of liver?

Answer 4

Remnant of obliterated umbilical vein

Question 5

Falciform ligament is ______

Answer 5

The remnant of ventral mesentery

Question 6

What are the coronary and left triangular ligaments?

Answer 6

Remnants of ventral mesentery

Question 7

What constitutes the fissure in the liver that separates the Left and Right lobe (anatomical)

Answer 7

Extension of the round ligament– the ligament venosum (former ductus venosus)

Question 8

What are four anatomic lobes of liver?

Answer 8

L, R, quadrate, caudate

R>L in terms of anatomical lobes

Question 9

What is functional border of L/R lobes of liver?

Answer 9

Line between the IVC and the gall bladder

L>R

Question 10

What determines 8 resectable hepatic segments?

Answer 10

They all receive a branch of hepatic artery

I-IV: functional L lobe
V-VIII: functional R lobe

Question 11

What is #1 segment? What is its blood supply?

Answer 11

1 Segment is caudate lobe. Its blood supply is split between R/L

Question 12

How does the cystic duct function as a two street?

Answer 12

Receives output from common hepatic duct, but then releases all contents from gallbladder storage area upon CCK signaling into bile duct

Question 13

Describe the blood supply (and relative amounts)

Answer 13

Proper hepatic artery: 25%

Hepatic portal vein: 75%

Question 14

What is the spiral valve in the biliary duct?

Answer 14

Prevents duct from being single tubular structure, which prevents big sudden bile release

Question 15

What are the borders of the cystohepatic triangle of calot?

Answer 15

Base of triangle: cystic artery
Left side: Common hepatic duct
Right side: cystic duct
Apex of triangle: formation of common bile duct

Question 16

Describe blood supply for head of pancreas:

Answer 16

Head: Anterior/posterior superior PDA (common hepatic artery) and inferior PDA (SMA)

Question 17

Describe blood supply for neck, body, tail of pancreas

Answer 17

Splenic artery branches

Question 18

What is uncinate process of pancreas?

Answer 18

Head of pancreas portion that “hooks” SMA/SMV

Question 19

Where do most pancreatic cancers develop?

Answer 19

Da head

Question 20

Describe embryologic origins of pancreatic ducts

Answer 20

Dorsal links up with ventral duct to form major pancreatic duct (of Wirsung)

Remaining portion of dorsal pancreatic duct from accessory pancreatic duct of Santorini

Question 21

Describe the main venous drainage portions of gut

Answer 21

Portal vein= splenic vein + SMV (midgut). This occurs posterior to neck of pancreas
Splenic vein (foregut) receives IMV (hindgut) behind pancreas body

Question 22

What occurs in response to portal vein hypertension due to cirrhosis or hepatitis?

Answer 22

Retrograde flow results in porta-caval anastomoses: 
Esophageal varices
Paraumbilical=>Caput medusa 
Rectal=> hemorrhoids
Retroperitoneal

Question 23

What are two most common orientations of appendix

Answer 23

Classic: 32%
Retrocecal: 64%