Histology of Para-alimentary tract

Question 1

Parotid gland gland types:

Answer 1

Just serous– glandular due to abundance of zymogen granules

Question 2

Sublingual and submandibular gland types:

Answer 2

Both serous and mucinous

Question 3

What is the function of the minor salivary glands?

Answer 3

Moisten the mucous membranes of the upper aero-digestive tract

Continous fluid secretion

Question 4

Where are the minor salivary glands located?

Answer 4

Submucosa of oral cavity, nose, paranasal sinuses, pharynx, larynx, esophagus, upper airways

Question 5

What are principle functions of liver? (2)

Answer 5

Metabolism (synthesis, storage and breakdown) of proteins, triglycerides, cholesterol, carbs, bile salts/acids, urea and heme
Degradation of endogenous and exogenous toxins
Bunch of reactions

Question 6

Describe blood supply for liver

Describe drainage

Answer 6

Portal vein (70%; nutrient rich) and hepatic artery (30%; oxygen rich) enter at hilum/porta hepatic and ramify through branches into sinusoids

Drainage: Blood perfuses parenchyma via sinuosoids, which then drains into hepatic central veins to IVC

Question 7

Describe lobule anatomy

Answer 7

Hexagonal shape with portal triads at edges; sinusoids lead to central vein

Question 8

Describe three zones in sinusoid

Answer 8

From outside (1) to inside (3)….how close they are to blood supply

Question 9

Know how to identify difference in appearance between central vein, portal vein hepatic arteriole and bile duct

Answer 9

Know both gross and histologically

Question 10

What is a kuppfer cell? Describe it

Answer 10

Macrophage/monocyte cell of liver (an APC)

Tends to have a fatter nucleus and be more round than endothelial cell

Question 11

What is the space of disse?

Answer 11

A perisinusoidal space around hepatocytes allowing for diffusion

Question 12

Describe the two main categories of liver enzymes and the enzymes that belong to each category (2)

Answer 12

Hepatocyte integrity: AST, ALT

Biliary excretory function: GGT, alkaline phosphatase

Question 13

What are exocrine and endocrine functions of pancreas?

Answer 13

Exocrine (80% volume): Production of digestive enzymes via secretory acini

Endocrine (2% gland): hormonal secretion regulating glucose metabolism via Islets of Langerhans

Question 14

Describe difference in glycogen/glucose metabolism among hepatocyte zones

Answer 14

Zone 1 tends to be more involved than 2/3 as seen via a PAS stain for glycogen

Question 15

What is the function of the gallbladder

Answer 15

Concentrate store and release bile via coordinated neural and hormonal stimuli:

Contraction of sphincter of do allows accumulation of bile from liver
CCK promoted gallbladder contraction