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Chemistry > Paper1-SC10/SC11/SC12/SC13 > Flashcards

Paper1-SC10/SC11/SC12/SC13 Flashcards

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1
Q

Explainendothermic reactions.

A

Take in energy so get colder.

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2
Q

Explainexothermic reactions.

A

Give out energy so get hot.

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3
Q

What are stainless steels?

A

Contain chromium which reacts with oxygen in the air. These resist rustinf. The layer is thick enough to stop air and water reacting with the metal.

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4
Q

What is brass made of?

A

Copper and zinc.

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5
Q
A
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6
Q

Why is the haber process heated not cooled down?

A

As when a cold temp is used, although more amonia will be produced, it will be produced slower so 450C is the right balance. It is like getting 5 pound a day instead of 10 pound a week.

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7
Q

What is electroplating?

A

Coating the surface of one metal with a thin layer of another metal. Silver and gold are attractive transition metals but they are expensive. Silver or gold can be electroplated onto cheaper ‘base metals’ such as copper or nickel. This produces attractive jewellery that is cheaper than solid or gold.

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8
Q

What is an alloy?

A

A mixture of a metal element with one or more other elements that are usually metals.

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9
Q

What are some of the chemical properties of transition metals?

A

They form coloured compounds.

Often used as catalysts.

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10
Q

When are inert(unreactive)electrodes(usually graphite or platinum)used?

A

When doing the electrolysis of molten or dissolved ionic salts. When a molten salt is electrolysed ions are discharged as atoms or molecules.

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11
Q

What is sacrificial protection?

A

Method of rust prevention that does not rely on keeping air or water away, instead a piece of magnesium or zinc is attached to the iron or steel object. Magnesium and zinc oxidise easier so they react with them instead of the steel or iron. This can run out though.

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12
Q

What are alloy steels?

A

Made by deliberately adding other elements to iron.

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13
Q

What is the electrolyte?

A

An ionic substance with freely moving ions that can conduct electricity.

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14
Q

What is corrosion?

A

Whne a metal reacts with oxygen making the metal weaker over time, the metal gains oxygen so is oxidised. The corrosion of iron requires water as well as oxygen and is known as rusting.

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15
Q

What is galvanising?

A

When iron and steel objects are protected from rusting by coating them with zinc.

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16
Q

How is copper purified using electrolysis?

A

Copper electrodes can be used. The copper atoms in the anode lose electrons to become copper ions. These dissolve in the solution and migrate to the cathode where they are deposited as pure copper. Inpurities from the anode do not form ions and collect below the anode as a ‘sludge’.

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17
Q

What happens when metals react with oxygen in the air?

A

They oxidise.

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18
Q

What ores are found in their native state(un combined elements)?

A

gold and platinum as they are very unreactive.

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19
Q

How do displacement reactions work?

A

More react metal will replace less reactive one.

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20
Q

What are transition metals used for?

A

Construction, vehicles, electrical wiring,, jewellery and other everyday uses.

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21
Q

How do conditions affect the position of equilibrium?

A
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22
Q

What is the equilibrium position?

A

The ratio of the products:reactants in a system that has made equilibrium.

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23
Q

What else can electroplating be used for?

A

To improve a metal objects ability to resist corrosion.

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24
Q

What is oxidation?

A

The loss of electrons.

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25
Q

What is reduction?

A

The gain of electrons.

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26
Q

Explain the advantages and disadvantages of phytoextraction and bioleeching?

A
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27
Q
A
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28
Q

How is ammonia producded?

A

The haber process.

29
Q

What are some of the physical properties of the trainsition metals?

A

Malleable(they can be hammered or rolled into shape without shattering).

Ductile(they can be stretched out to mnake thin wires).

Good conductors of electricity.

Shiny when polished.

High density.

High melting point.

30
Q
A
31
Q

What will a system do?

A

The opposite of what you do so if you heat it up it will want to cool down so will favour the endothermic reaction.

32
Q

What are anions and anodes?

A

Anions are negative ions and are attracted to the positive anode.

33
Q

What is a tarnish and how can it stop corrosion?

A

Metals such as aluminium are quite reactive and would be expected to corrode quickly. However, they do not corrode bewcause their surfaces form a protective layer(a tarnish)which prevents further reaciton.

34
Q

What is hydrated iron oxide?

A

orange-brown substance seen on rusty objects. Flakes fall off which expose more metal to air and water so it continues to corrode and weaken.

35
Q

Where are transition metals placed?

A

In the middle block inbetween group 2 and 3.

36
Q

What are the advantages of recycling?

A

Nautral reservers of metal ores will last longer.

The need to mine ores is reduced. Mining can damage the landscape as well as create noise and dust pollution.

Less pollution may be produced. For example, sulfur dioxide is formed when some metals are extracted from metal sulfide ores.

Less waste metal ends up in landfill sites.

Many metals need less energy to recycle them than to extract new metal from the ore.

37
Q

Why are alloys stronger?

A
38
Q

What is the dynamic equilibrium?

A

Where the forwards and backwards reactions are still occuring but the percentages of the reactants and products are no longer changing.

39
Q

What are redox reactions?

A

Reactions where oxidation and reduction occur.

40
Q

What is phytoextraction? It is used for copper.

A

Involves growing plants that absorb metal compounds. The plants are burnt to form ash from which the metal is extracted.

41
Q

What are some of the disadvantages of recycling?

A

Costs and energy used can be extremely high.

42
Q

What does the rate of forwards reaction=?

A

The rate of backwards reaction.

43
Q

Where does oxidation take place?

A

The anode.

44
Q

What is extraction?

A

The process of obtaining a metal from these compounds of metal in rocks(other elements with the metal too).

45
Q

What is bioleeching? It is for copper.

A

Uses bacteria grown on a low grade or and the bacteria produce a solution containing copper ions called a leachate.. Copper is extracted from the leachate by displacement using scrap iron then purified by electrolysis. This method can also be used for metals such as nickel, cobalt and zinc.

46
Q

What happens in an aqueous solution(electrolysis)?

A

There are H+ and OH- ions present.

47
Q

What is it called when oxygen is removed?

A

Reduction.

48
Q

What is the balanced eqaution for the haber process?

A
49
Q

Why do elements get more reactive as you go down the group?

A

Outer shell electrons are further away from the positive nucleus so less energy is needed to break the atraction(for elements that lose electrons).

50
Q

Explain how the reactivity series affects the extraction of ores.

A
51
Q

What do you need for electroplating?

A

An anode, a cathode and an electrolyte.

52
Q

Where does reduction take place?

A

The cathode.

53
Q

What is the life cycle assessment?

A
54
Q

How can you predict the products of the electrolysis of any molten salt?

A

The salt will always decompose into its elements, the metal is produced at the cathode and the non-metal is produced at the anode.

55
Q

How is aluminium obtained?

A
56
Q

What are reversible reactions?

A

Reactions in whicch the products can react to reform the reactants.

57
Q

When will the position of the equilibrium position change?

A

If the conditions change.

58
Q

What do the uses of a metal or alloy depend on?

A

Chemical properties and physical properties.

59
Q

Why is electrolysis only used to extract very reactive metals?

A

It is very expensive.

60
Q

Explain the core practical on the electrolysis of copper sulfate solution.

A
61
Q

How is electrolysis used to extract metals?

A
62
Q

What does the tarnish do?

A

Stops oxygen reaching the metal.

63
Q

Describe a picture of electroplating.

A
64
Q

Where can dynamic equilibrium be reached?

A

Only in a closed system where there is no loss of reactants or products as in an open system gases could escape.

65
Q

What are cations and cathodes?

A

Cations are positive ions and are attracted to the negative cathodes.

66
Q

What is the order of the reactivity series?

A
67
Q

What is an ore?

A

A rock that contains enough of a compound to extract a metal for profit.

68
Q

What are the conditions for the haber process?

A

450C, 200 atmoshperes of pressure and the use of an iron catalyst.

69
Q

What is electrolysis?

A

Electrolysis is the process by which ionic substances are decomposed (broken down) into simpler substances when an electric current is passed through them.

Chemistry (9 decks)

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