Paper 3 evaluation

Question 1

Aggression: Neural mechanisms?

Answer 1

S- Charles Whitman
S- Raleigh et al (1991)- monkey diets
W- Determinist- legal system
S- Gospic et al (2011)- provocation and fMRI scans

Question 2

Aggression: Hormonal mechanisms?

Answer 2

S- Negative correlation- progestrone
S- Dabbs- measured salivary testosterone violent vs non violent criminals
U- Dual hypothesis- cortisol levels have to be low
S- Castration- reduces testosterone and aggression

Question 3

Aggression: Genetic factors?

Answer 3

S- Mertins et al (2011)- money decision game
S & U-Caspi et al - studied children- had to be have low levels of MAOA and been maltreated
W- Research only on those convicted of violent crimes
W- Research methods in twin & adoption studies

Question 4

Aggression: Ethological explanations

Answer 4

S- Brunner et al. - suggests innate basis
U- Nisbett- North-south divide in homicide rates
U- Goodall (2010) Chimpanzees- systematic slaughtering
S- Hoebel (1967) song duels among Eskimos

Question 5

Aggression: Evolutionary explanations?

Answer 5

S- Daly and Wilson (1988) higher status for murders
RWA- Indicators of potential violence
U- Human are cruel- Rwandan genocide 1994.
W- hard because evolutionary past, can only see correlations.

Question 6

Aggression: SLT?

Answer 6

S- Bandura et a(1961) Bobo doll study.
W- Bobo doll study methodology- not real person
S- !Kung San do not encourage aggression
U- Underestimates influence of biological factors

Question 7

Aggression: Deindividuation theory

Answer 7

S- Johnson and Downing- KKK vs nurse, KKK were more aggressive, nurses more compassionate
S- Zimbardo’s study- hooded partipants gave shocks twice as long
S- Watson- tribal warriors- 12/15 changed appearance agressive vs 1/8 did not change appearance
RWA- Aggressive behaviour online and cyberbullying

Question 8

Schziophrenia: Reliability and validity: Symptom overlap?

Answer 8

Not issue- Seprer et al (1991)- co-morbid patients- cocaine abuse & schziophrenia and then schziophrenia, cocaine abuse - possible to accurate diagnose
Issue- Ketter (2005) effects of misdiagnosis

Question 9

Schziophrenia: Reliability and validity: Co-morbidity?

Answer 9

Issue- Buckely- Pateints with schiz, 50% also have a diagnosis of depression, 47% substance abuse, 29% PTSD and 23% OCD

Question 10

Schziophrenia: Reliability and validity: Culture bias?

Answer 10

Issue- Escobar (2012) - Over interpret the symptoms of black people
Issue- Copeland (1971)- 69% of US psychiatrists diagnosed a patient with schiz and only 2% of British psychiatrists diagnosed the same patient

Question 11

Schziophrenia: Reliability and validity: Gender bias?

Answer 11

Issue- Loring and Powell (1988)- when patient described as male 56% gave a diagnosis of schiz, when described as female or no reference to gender only 20% gave diagnosis of schiz

Question 12

Schizophrenia: Biological explanations?

Answer 12

S- Lead to succesful drug treatments
S- Evidence for genetic vunerability to schiz
U- Noll (2009)- drugs do not alleviate negative symptoms in 1/3 of people
W- MZ twins have a more simialr enviornment

Question 13

Schziophrenia: Drug treatments?

Answer 13

St- Enhance quality of life
U- Healy (2012) only studied short term effects, not long term
W- Cost-benefit analysis would be negative
S- Leucht et al (2012) 64% of placebo relapsed compared to 27% who remained on the drug

Question 14

Schziophrenia: Token economies?

Answer 14

W- Uncontrolled, no control group
S- Dickerson et al. (2005) 11/13 had benefical effects from using token economies
W- Not a cure, just for management of symptoms
W- Ethical issues, power over patients behaviour.

Question 15

Relationships: Sexual selection?

Answer 15

S- Singh - waist to hip ratio- 0.7
S- Waynforth and Dunbar- lonley hearts adverts
S- Clarke and Hatfield- no females agreed, 75% of men did immediately.
W- Change overtime in partner preferences- not resource orientated for women as they can work.

Question 16

Relationships: Physical attractiveness theories: Physical attractiveness?

Answer 16

S- Palmer & Peterson (2012)- attractive people voted more politically competent
U- Touhey (1979)- Sexist people were more liekly to be influenced by attractiveness of the person when judging likeability.

Question 17

Relationships: Physical attractiveness theories: Matching hypothesis?

Answer 17

S- Berscheid et al (1971)- found people choose to dance with partners who matched them in physcial attractiveness
U- Taylor et al (2011) found people go for people more attractive than them on dating websites

Question 18

Relationships: Self-disclosures theory?

Answer 18

S- Sprecher and Hendrick (2004)- people that disclosed more often were more satisfied and committed in their relationship.
RWA- could improve relationships
W- Most research is correlational, no cause and effect
U- Breadth and depth leading to more satisfaction is not true of all cultures

Question 19

Relationships: Duck’s model?

Answer 19

RWA- Useful in suggesting ways to reverse realtionship breakdown
WS- Inaccurate recall of breakdown
W- Based on relationships in Western cultures
W- Doesn’t explain why relationships breakdown

Question 20

Issues and debates: Free will?

Answer 20

S- Internal locus of control- tend to be more mentally healthy
W- Had activity in motor areas of brain before conscious awareness of the decision

Question 21

Issues and debated: Determinism?

Answer 21

S- Consistent with view of science
W- Incompatible with our notions of legal reponsibility

Question 22

Issues and debates: Cultural bias ?

Answer 22

Why it exists- assumed familiarity with aims and objectives of scientific enquiry- leads to demand characteristics
Less of an issue today- more interconnectedness
How we can challenge it- cross-culture research, and 1 member of the research team being from the population being studies
Some universality- facial expression and features of attachment (imitation & interactional synchrony)