Paper 3 and pre release Flashcards
Water stress
Period of time where demand for water exceeds supply
Water efficient products
Products that use small amount of water
Demand
Amount of something that is required
Environment agency
Organisation that manages the environment, including water supply/flooding etc
Water supply
Water which is collected and passed through pipes to buildings for people to use
Water demand management
Management approach that aims to conserve water by reducing demand. It involves using incentives to promote efficient and equitable use of water. Has the potential to increase water availability through more efficient allocation and use
Engineering projects
Projects such as building dams and water transfer schemes
Water-rich areas
Areas that have high rainfall
Water deficit
A lack of water- where demand is higher than supply
Water surplus
Excess of water-supply is higher than demand
Water transfer
Movement of water from areas of surplus to areas of deficit through pipes, canals and rivers
Reservoir
Man-made lake, built to contain water. Involves building a dam and flooding land
Alleviate
To reduce something
Embankment
A man-made raised bank built around a reservoir to increase capacity
Thames basin
Area around Thames river which is densely populated
Transpiration
Evaporation of water from plants leaves into atmosphere
Offset
To counter the effect of something
Cisterns
Flushing mechanism in a toilet
Sustainable water supplies
Water supplies that meet needs of present without compromising future generations
Shortfall in water
Deficit of water due to more demand than supply
Desalination plants
Factory where salt is removed from salt water in order to make the water potable
Water security
Ability to access sufficient quantities of clean water to maintain adequate standards of food and goods production, proper sanitation, and sustainable health care
Bar charts
Used for data which can be placed into discrete categories. Look for max, min, averages and anomalies when using
Line charts
Good for showing changes over time. Continuous data plotted against another variable to show trends
Pie charts
Divides data into manageable categories. Proportion of data which falls into each category is shown by size of its ‘size’ of pie
Pictograms
Uses images/symbols to show data either on bar graph or plotted straight into map . Adds an additional layer of visual clarity and remove need for words
Histograms
Show spread of a single data set. Can have 0 values. Look for max, min, averages and anomalies when using these
Divided bar graphs
Used when want to show more than one type of data for each variable
Scatter graphs
Shows trend within data set with 2 variables. Always use line of best fit to judge overall correlation but be aware of any large anomalies which may skew the data significantly, refer to max, min, relationship, anomalies and overall trend
Population pyramids
Only designed to show data for one thing (population). Gives clear view of structure of population in terms of how old/young it is and whether it has gender imbalance
Dot maps
Maps of frequency distribution, the more dots there are in a place the more occurrences there are in that location. Work best when used on large scale, small areas can lead to dots not showing a pattern within data as they’re too close
Isoline maps
Lines are drawn to link up areas with same values. Commonly used as contour lines or isobars to show elevation or pressure respectively
Chloropleth maps
Use colour to show distribution/ pattern within a data set in a particular area. Must be clear key showing what each colour means. Data needs to be in bands with unique colour/shade applied to each band and then placed into map. Look at overall trend, anomalous areas and areas with high/low values when using these maps
Flow lines/desire lines
Show origin/destination of things. Width often used to show how much of it is moving. Show movement of anything from people to traded products
Describe the distribution of rainfall in the U.K.
Uneven, showing areas in south west Receive highest amounts of rainfall, reaching 2800 mm and above. North east received lowest rainfall annually with lows of 500-749 mm
