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GCSE Geography [AQA] > PAPER 2 - Urban Issues & Challenges > Flashcards

PAPER 2 - Urban Issues & Challenges Flashcards

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1
Q

What is urbanisation?

A

The increase in the proportion of people living in cities.

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2
Q

What are the 2 causes of urbanisation

A
  • rural to urban migration
  • natural increase
    (birth rate is higher than death rate)
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3
Q

What are the push factors of rural to urban migration?

A
  • farming is difficult & poorly paid
    (worsened by desertification)
  • school only provide basic education
  • poor roads make the rural areas isolated
  • war & conflict
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4
Q

What are the pull factors of rural to urban migration?

A
  • higher paying job opportunities
  • family and friends already living there
  • better education
  • better medical facilities
  • better public transport
  • range of entertainment
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5
Q

What are the three types of mega cities

A

Slow growing:
- 70% urban
- almost no squatter settlements
- e.g. Moscow, Tokyo, LA

Growing:
- 40-50% urban
- under 20% squatter settlements
- e.g. Beijing, Mexico City, Rio de Janeiro

Rapid growing:
- under 50% urban
- over 20% squatter settlements
- e.g. Mumbai, Lagos, Jakarta

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6
Q

What is the location of Rio de Janeiro?

A
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7
Q

Why is Rio important nationally and globally?

A

National:

  • Former capital of Brazil
  • Brazil’s 2nd most important industrial centre
  • Produces 5% of Brazil’s GDP
  • Manufacturing Industries- clothing, pharmacy, furniture, processed foods
  • Service Industries- banking, finance, insurance

Global:

  • Main exports = coffee, sugar, iron ore
  • One of the most visited cities in the southern hemisphere
  • ‘Christ the redeemer’ statue
  • The 2016 Olympic Games and 2014 World Cup matches
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8
Q

How is healthcare a social challenge in Rio?

A
  • Life expectancy in the west: 45
  • health care is not free
  • only 55% have a local family health clinic
  • limited services for pregnant women (especially in the west zone)
  • infant mortality rate: 21 per 1000
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9
Q

How is healthcare a social opportunity in Rio?

A

Health care specialists went into favelas

  • treated 20 different diseases
  • lowered death rate
  • lowered infant mortality rate
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10
Q

How is education a social challenge in Rio?

A
  • low enrolment due to shortage of schools and teachers
  • education is compulsory ages 6-14
  • only 50% of children continue with education after the age of 14
  • many drop out to join gangs and sell drugs
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11
Q

How is education a social opportunity in Rio?

A
  • private university opened in Rochina favela
  • school grants for poor families to send their children to school
  • people encouraged to volunteer in local schools
  • free childcare for teen parents to continue education
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12
Q

How is water supply a social challenge in Rio?

A
  • 12% people don’t have access to clean water
  • 37% of all water is lost due to leakage from burst pipes
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13
Q

How is water supply a social opportunity in Rio?

A
  • 300km of new pipes laid out
  • 7 new treatment plans built to improve water quality
  • in 2014, 95% of Rio had mains water supply
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14
Q

How is energy supply a social challenge in Rio?

A
  • frequent blackouts
  • many people in favelas illegally tap into the mains supply which is dangerous
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15
Q

How is energy supply a social opportunity in Rio?

A
  • 60km of power lines installed
  • nuclear generators built
  • hydro-electric complex built to increase supply by 30% (took 6 years and cost US $2 billion)
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16
Q

How is unemployment an economic challenge in Rio?

A
  • 2015 recession increased unemployment
  • unemployment rate is 20% in favelas
  • unemployment rate is 11% higher than national average
  • 35% of jobs are in the informal sector which unreliable and poorly paid
  • $2-3 billion lost per year due to crime
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17
Q

How is unemployment an economic opportunity in Rio?

A
  • the schools of tomorrow programme aims to provide education in poor and violent areas
  • courses available for adults who left education to continue studies
  • Rio provides 6% of all employment in Brazil
  • Rio has one of the highest income per head in the country
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18
Q

How is crime an economic challenge in Rio?

A
  • robbery, murder and kidnapping occur regularly
  • gangs control drug trafficking in favelas
  • murder rate: 20 per 100,000
  • distrust in police due to extreme violence
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19
Q

How is crime an economic opportunity in Rio?

A
  • pacifying police units established in 2013 to take control of favelas from gangs
  • crime rates have lowered
  • property value has increased
  • tourism (which is 7.5% of Rio’s GDP) has grown
20
Q

What are the physical environmental challenges in Rio?

A
  • mountains limit building space and make development of an effective transport system difficult and costly
  • eutrophication and algae blooms in the Lagoa Rodrigo channel, reducing bio diversity
  • squatter settlements built on hillsides are prone to to landslips
21
Q

What are the human environmental challenges in Rio?

A
  • heavy pollution in the bay due to urbanisation and industrialisation
  • smog (air pollution) caused by slow moving traffic
  • dereliction due to de-industrialisation of heavy industries such as steel
  • huge areas of squatter settlements (around 40% of Rio’s population)
22
Q

How is traffic congestion an environmental challenge in Rio?

A
  • the most congested city in South America
  • car ownership has increased by 40% in the last decade
  • steep mountains so roads can only be built on coastal lowlands
  • high crime rate causes people to prefer travelling by car
  • increased congestion due to unreliable cars
23
Q

How is traffic congestion an environmental opportunity in Rio?

A
  • expansion of the metro to encourage use of public transport
  • new toll roads into the city to reduce car usage
  • coastal roads made one-way during rush hour to reduce congestion
24
Q

How is water pollution an environmental challenge in Rio?

A
  • over 200 tonnes of raw sewage pour into the Guanabara bay each day. (50% of that is industrial waste)
  • many of the 55 rivers flowing into the bay are heavily polluted
  • the pollution has caused commercial fishing to decline by 90% over 20 years
25
Q

How is water pollution an environmental opportunity in Rio?

A
  • 5km of new sewage pipes have been installed
  • ships are fined for dumping fuel into the Guanabara bay
  • 12 new sewage works have been built since 2014 (costing US $68 million)
26
Q

How is waste pollution an environmental challenge in Rio?

A
  • favelas are built on steep slopes with now proper roads, making access for waste collection lorries difficult
  • most waste is dumped and pollutes water
  • contaminated water causes diseases (like cholera) to spread and rats become an issue
27
Q

How is waste pollution an environmental opportunity in Rio?

A
  • a power plant that uses methane gas from rotting rubbish set up new at the university of Rio
    ↳ it consumes 30 tonnes of rubbish a day
    ↳ enough electricity is created to power 1000 homes
28
Q

What are the reasons for growth of favelas in Rio?

A

Rural to urban migration:
↳ people in drought hit rural areas moved to Rio for a better life
↳ not enough housing for everyone

Natural increase:
↳ many migrants are young adults so the birth rates are high

29
Q

What are the challenges of squatter settlements?

A

Unemployment
Crime
Construction
Services
Health

30
Q

What are the successes of the favela bairro project?

A
  • paved and formally named roads
  • hillsides secured to prevent landslides
    ↳ people re located where necessary
  • access to water supply and drainage system
  • installed a cable car system across the complex de Alemao hillside
    ↳ inhabitants given free return tickets daily
  • access to credit
  • 100% mortgages (no deposit required)
  • UPP - police pacifying unit
    ↳ set up to reduce crime by patrolling the community
31
Q

What were the failures of the favela bairro project?

A
  • budget of US $1 billion may not cover every favela
  • newly built infrastructure not being maintained
    ↳ residents lack skills and resources to make repairs
  • more training needed to improve literacy & employment
  • rents rise in the improved favelas and the poorest inhabitants are even worse off
32
Q

What is population density?

Sparse
Dense

A

Amount of people per square km

33
Q

What mid the population distribution of the UK

A
34
Q

Why have certain cities in the UK grown over time?

A

Industry
Natural resources
Capital = politics
Coast = Trade

35
Q

What are the ethnicities in Birmingham?

A

56% White British - majority
14% Asian Pakistani - 2nd largest
1% Asian Chinese - minority

36
Q

What is the regional significance of Birmingham?

A

Employs over 100,000 people in the engineering and manufacturing industry

The city has undergone substantial redevelopment such as Bull Ring and Brindley Palace

Several famous brands are based in Birmingham (such as Bird’s Custard, Cadbury, and HP sauce)

Second largest Buddhist, Sikh, Hindu, Muslim, communities

37
Q

What is the national significance of Birmingham?

A

New Street Station is the busiest station outside London. The development of HS2 will increase its rail connections.

Second largest economy in the UK, with a GDP of over US$120 billion

Has 6 universities, making it the largest centre of education in the UK

38
Q

What is the international significance of Birmingham?

A

Ninth most populated area in Europe

12,000 international students have relocated to Birmingham

4th most visited city in the uk by international tourists

Birmingham airport offers many international flights, even having a runway extension to cope with the increase

In 1791, Birmingham was the “first manufacturing town in the world” and is the birthplace of the steam engine

39
Q

Historically why has there been migration in Birmingham

A

National:
Birmingham, as an industrial hub, attracted many workers from across the UK.

Post-war:
People from the commonwealth arrived after WW2 for economic opportunities and to help rebuild the country

Formation of neighbourhoods - different groups settled in specific areas
E.g. the Irish community established a presence in Digbeth which lead to the largest st. Patrick’s day parade in the UK.

40
Q

How has migration had an impact on the character of Birmingham - festivals

A

Jazz festival (since 1985)
- local & international artists
- takes place in various venues across the city

Birmingham Caribbean festival
- colours, music, dance, cuisine

Birmingham pride
- one of the largest celebrations of LGBTQ+ in the UK

41
Q

How has migration had an impact on the character of Birmingham - food

A

Balti triangle
- located around Sparkbrook and Mosley
- home to Indian & Pakistani food
- Birmingham is the birthplace of Balti curry

Birmingham German Christmas market

42
Q

What are the social opportunities in Birmingham?

A
43
Q

What are the economic opportunities in Birmingham?

A
44
Q

What are the environmental opportunities in Birmingham?

A
45
Q

Urban challenges

A
46
Q

Brindley place

A

GCSE Geography [AQA] (8 decks)

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