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GCSE Geography [AQA] > PAPER 1 - The Challenge Of Natural Hazards > Flashcards

PAPER 1 - The Challenge Of Natural Hazards Flashcards

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1
Q

What is a natural hazard?

A

An a event that has the potential risk of damaging property or causing loss of life.

Without people there is no hazard.

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2
Q

How does urbanisation affect the risk of a natural hazard?

A

Urbanisation is the rise in the proportion of people living in urban areas (towns & cities).
Cities are more densely populated so are at more risk.

50% of the world lives in cities.

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3
Q

How does poverty affect the risk of a natural hazard?

A

LICs cannot combat natural hazards as well as HICs can due to the lack of infrastructure and healthcare.

In LICs the houses are built on unstable slopes so they are more prone to floods & landslides.

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4
Q

How does agriculture affect the risk of a natural hazard?

A

When a river floods it deposits fertile silt on its flood plain.

Floods are beneficial for farming but harmful to people.

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5
Q

How does climate change affect the risk of a natural hazard?

A

There is more energy in the atmosphere due to increased warmth.
This causes intense storms and hurricanes.

Climate change makes some countries to be more at risk of floods and some more prone to droughts and famines.

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6
Q

What is an earthquake?

A

A sudden and violent period of ground shaking.

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7
Q

Why might some earthquakes not occur at plate margins?

A

They may be caused by human activity such as underground mining or oil extraction.

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8
Q

What are the differences between the oceanic plates and continental plates?

A

Oceanic

  • 5-10 km thick
  • denser
  • younger

Continental

  • 30-50 km thick
  • less dense
  • older
  • can’t be destroyed (mainly made up of granite)
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9
Q

What is the evidence of plate tectonics moving?

A

The match in shape between the east coast of South America and the west coast of Africa.

There are similar patterns of rocks on both sides of the Atlantic.

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10
Q

What is a destructive plate margin?

A

Plates moving towards each other, causing volcanoes and earthquakes.

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11
Q

What is a constructive plate margin?

A

Two plates moving away from each other.

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12
Q

What is a conservative plate margin?

A

Plates moving alongside or against each other, causing earthquakes which are often severe.

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13
Q

Fill in the gaps:
At a destructive plate margin the ___________ ________ subducts under the ____________ ________ at the subduction zone. The plates are driven by ____________ __________ in the mantle. As the plates _______ there is __________ which results in lots of _______ ________________. The friction also melts the rock creating _______. This builds up creating a ______________ __________ with steep sides due to the lava being _______.

A

At a destructive plate margin the oceanic plate subducts under the continental plate at the subduction zone. The plates are driven by convection currents in the mantle. As the plates meet there is friction which results in lots of mini earthquakes. The friction also melts the rock creating magma. This builds up creating a composite volcano with steep sides due to the lava being thick.

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14
Q

Fill in the gaps:
At a constructive plate margin the two plates move _______ driven by ____________ __________ in the mantle. As the plates are ___________ _______ there are ________________ that occur. A _____ appears and is ___________ by magma. The lava is very _______ and forms a _______ __________ which is very wide and flat.

A

At a constructive plate margin the two plates move apart, driven by convection currents in the mantle. As the plates are pulling apart there are earthquakes that occur. A gap appears and is filled by magma. The lava is very runny and forms a shield volcano which is very wide and flat.

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15
Q

Fill in the gaps:
At a conservative plate margin the two plates move ___________ or _______ each other. This is driven by ____________ __________ in the mantle. As the plates are _______, the __________ creates earthquakes.

A

At a conservative plate margin the two plates move alongside or against each other. This is driven by convection currents in the mantle. As the plates are sliding, the friction creates earthquakes.

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16
Q

Key statistics: what were the primary effects of the 2005 earthquake in Pakistan?

A

People:

  • 80,000 deaths
  • 3 million homeless
  • 180,000 wounded & injured

Infrastructure:

  • 600,000 homes destroyed
  • 6500 schools destroyed
  • 800 hospitals destroyed
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17
Q

Key statistics: what were the secondary effects of the 2005 earthquake in Pakistan?

A
  • fires
  • landslides
  • infections and diseases
  • unusually freezing winter conditions caused more casualties and made rescue operations difficult
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18
Q

Key statistics: what were the immediate responses of the 2005 earthquake in Pakistan?

A
  • international aid and equipment such as helicopters and rescue dogs, as well as teams of people from other countries
  • 20,000 tents
  • 170,000 blankets
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19
Q

Key statistics: what were the long-term responses of the 2005 earthquake in Pakistan?

A
  • 40,000 people relocated from their destroyed town to a new settlement
  • aid to rebuild schools (some still not built 10 years later)
  • money provided by the government to rebuild homes
  • people still living in tents 3 years later
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20
Q

Key statistics: what were the primary effects of the 2009 earthquake in Italy?

A
  • 300 deaths
  • 70,000 homeless
  • 1500 injured
  • $12,000 million worth of damage
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21
Q

Key statistics: what were the secondary effects of the 2009 earthquake in Italy?

A
  • aftershocks triggered landslides
  • house prices and rents increased
  • “red zones” caused business, tourism, and income in the city to decrease
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22
Q

Key statistics: what were the immediate responses of the 2009 earthquake in Italy?

A
  • hotels for 10,000 people
  • 40,000 tents
  • Red Cross searches with 7 dog units, 36 ambulances, and a temporary hospital within an hour
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23
Q

Key statistics: what were the long-term responses of the 2009 earthquake in Italy?

A
  • no tax for residents in 2010
  • free university for 3 years
  • torch lit for the anniversary
  • historic centres took 15 years to rebuild
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24
Q

Why are the responses to tectonic hazards different in contrasting areas of wealth?

A

LIC:
• Corrupt police
• Poorly built houses
• Less internet access
• Job lay offs
• Doctors are less educated
• Less Medical equipment
• Less Doctors per 1000 People

HIC:
• Trustworthy Police
• Safer, well-built houses
• Internet is easily accessed
• Job security
• Educated doctors
• Advanced medical equipment and research
• More doctors

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25
Q

What are the reasons for people to live near tectonic hazards?

A
  • tourism
  • family and friends
  • agriculture
  • mineral extraction
  • geothermal energy
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26
Q

How does tourism cause people to live near tectonic hazards?

A

More than 100 million people visit volcanoes each year

  • Volcanic landscapes are unique and spectacular
  • Hot springs and adventure
  • Exciting and thrilling for tourists

The money tourism brings in is beneficial for the local community to aid development in healthcare, education, etc.

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27
Q

How does agriculture cause people to live near tectonic hazards?

A

Soils around volcanoes are very fertile and rich in nutrients
This provides people with food and an income

Volcanic soils make up 1% of the world’s surface but support 10% of the global population

28
Q

How does mineral extraction cause people to live near tectonic hazards?

A

Minerals (e.g. sulphur) are found near volcanoes
Sulphur is used in medicines and fertilisers

Miners in Indonesia earn an average of $6 which is more than the wage of workers on a coffee plantation. So they choose to work in dangerous conditions.

29
Q

How does geothermal energy cause people to live near tectonic hazards?

A

Geothermal energy: The ground water is heated by hot magma which is used to turn turbines at power stations

  • It is a major source of electrical power
  • It is renewable (will reduce greenhouse gases)
  • 30% of Iceland’s total electricity
30
Q

How are volcanoes monitored?

A

All active volcanoes are monitored by scientists.

Indications of an eruption:

  • Ground deformation
  • Escaping gas
  • Seismic activity (small earthquakes)
31
Q

How are earthquakes monitored?

A

Seismometers monitor irregular tremors but are an unreliable method.

32
Q

How can tectonic hazards be planned for?

A
  1. High risk areas must be avoided for future developments
  2. Emergency services should be trained
  3. People need to be educated on what to do in the event of a tectonic hazard
  4. Evacuation routes should be pre planned
33
Q

What is the global atmospheric circulation model?

A

It is driven by the unequal heating of the earth from the sun. This causes a difference in air pressure creating wind patterns which affect the climate and types of ecosystems around the world.

Air pressure = the weight of air

34
Q

What is a tropical storm?

A

A natural hazard driven by low pressure and occurring between the tropics of Cancer and Capricorn , in which there is intense rainfall and high winds.

35
Q

What is the Coriolis effect?

A

A force which acts on an object causing it to change direction.

In other words spinning of the earth.

Warm air rising which bends and spins.

36
Q

What are the conditions needed to form a tropical storm?

A
  • warm ocean (above 27°C)
  • high temperatures for more evaporation
  • low pressure with unstable air
  • wind speeds above 120km
  • the Coriolis effect

(in summer and autumn temperatures are usually at their highest)

37
Q

The formation of a tropical storm:

A
  1. Air above the surface of a warm ocean (27°) is heated and rises rapidly due to the low pressure.
  2. The rising air draws up more air and large volumes of moisture from the ocean, creating strong winds (reaching 120km per hour).
  3. The Coriolis effect causes the air to spin upwards around the calm eye of the storm.
  4. As the air rises it cools and condenses, forming large towering cumulonimbus clouds which create torrential rain.
  5. The cold air sinks in the eye making it dry and calm.
  6. The tropical storm travels across the ocean in the prevailing wind.
  7. When the tropic storm meets land it weakens as it loses its source of moisture (the warm ocean).
38
Q

Fill in the gaps:
1. ___ above the surface of a warm ocean (27°) is heated and _____ rapidly due to the ___ pressure.
2. The rising air draws up more ___ and large volumes of ________ from the ocean, creating ______ _____ (reaching 120km per hour).
3. The ________ ______ causes the air to spin upwards around the calm eye of the storm.
4. As the air rises it cools and _________, forming large towering ____________ ______ which create __________ rain.
5. The cold air sinks in the eye making it dry and calm.
6. The tropical storm travels across the ocean in the prevailing wind.
7. When the tropical storm meets ____ it weakens as it loses its source of ________ (the warm ocean).

A
  1. Air above the surface of a warm ocean (27°) is heated and rises rapidly due to the low pressure.
  2. The rising air draws up more air and large volumes of moisture from the ocean, creating strong winds (reaching 120km per hour).
  3. The Coriolis effect causes the air to spin upwards around the calm eye of the storm.
  4. As the air rises it cools and condenses, forming large towering cumulonimbus clouds which create torrential rain.
  5. The cold air sinks in the eye making it dry and calm.
  6. The tropical storm travels across the ocean in the prevailing wind.
  7. When the tropic storm meets land it weakens as it loses its source of moisture (the warm ocean).
39
Q

Hurricane Katrina

A

City: Florida, New Orleans, etc

Date: 2005

6th strongest hurricane recorded

Winds reported along 200km stretch of coastline

40
Q

Key statistics: what are the primary effects of Hurricane Katrina?

A
  • Over 1800 deaths
  • 1 million homeless
  • 44 oil facilities destroyed
    → 7 million gallons of oil leaked
41
Q

Key statistics: what are the secondary effects of Hurricane Katrina?

A
  • storm surge: sea level rose 9 meters above normal level
    → 80% of the city was flooded
    → 1200 people drowned
  • levees destroyed
  • large fires
  • looting (civil unrest)
  • tourist industry ruined
  • 230 jobs lost
42
Q

Key statistics: what were the immediate responses of Hurricane Katrina?

A
  • 70-80% of New Orleans evacuated before the hurricane reached land
  • locals rescued people from flood waters; treated injuries; and provided food, water and shelter for those left in New Orleans
  • the coast guard, police, fire service, and volunteers rescued over 50,000 people
  • several hours for help to arrive
  • temporary shelter at Louisiana Superdome for 250,00 people
43
Q

Key statistics: what were the long-term responses of Hurricane Katrina?

A

$800 million spent on rebuilding flood defences

Around $34 billion set aside to rebuild homes, schools, etc.

44
Q

How can monitoring reduce the effect of tropical storms?

A
  • satellites that observe cloud pattern
  • aeroplanes (called hurricane hunters) can fly through tropical storms at 10,000 feet to collect air pressure, rainfall, and wind speed data
45
Q

How can prediction reduce the effect of tropical storms?

A

NOAA have a super computer that can give five days warning in a 400km accuracy

  • hurricane watch (possible)
  • hurricane warnings (definite)
46
Q

How can protection reduce the effect of tropical storms?

A
  • shelters
  • sea walls
  • storm shutters on windows
  • back up generators
  • build houses on stilts
47
Q

How can planning reduce the effect of tropical storms?

A
  • national hurricane preparedness week
  • disaster supply kits
  • knowing where evacuation shelters are
  • store loose objects
  • plan evacuation routes
48
Q

What is extreme weather?

A

Unusually harsh weather conditions

49
Q

What is the evidence for extreme weather in the UK?

A

July 2014:
- dramatic electrical storms in southern Britain (3000 lightening strikes)

July 2022:
- highest temperature record in the uk = 40.3°C

50
Q

Key statistics: what were the effects of ‘Beast from the east’?

A
  • at least 10 deaths
  • hundreds of people stranded in traffic on the M80
  • people stranded in trains for more than 10 hours
  • UK had to issue gas deficit warning
  • NHS cancelled non urgent operations
  • thousands of schools closed
  • thousands of homes without power
  • flights cancelled and delayed
51
Q

Key statistics: what were the responses of ‘Beast from the east’?

A
  • armed forces deployed across the UK to rescue drivers and to take NHS workers to their hospitals
  • met offices issued red warnings against people travelling
  • community centres opened to shelter homeless people from the cold
  • Greggs delivery driver handing out food to stranded drivers
52
Q

What is the short term evidence for climate change?

A
  • in 1979 the Arctic Ocean had more ice in the west and south east compared to 2011
  • arctic sea ice has thinned by 65% since 1975
  • throughout the world, glaciers are shrinking and retreating due to the increasing temperatures
53
Q

How are ice cores long term evidence for climate change?

A

Scientists can drill ice cores from Antarctica and Greenland:

  • air bubbles from these ice cores can be analysed, to study oxygen and carbon dioxide levels
  • oxygen and carbon dioxide levels can indicate the earth’s temperature

The record dates back 800,000 years

54
Q

How is pollen analysis long term evidence for climate change?

A

Scientists drill sediment cores from peat bogs
- pollen is preserved in the water logged
- different pollen grains come from different trees some which live in colder condition and some in warmer
- e.g birch trees are in colder conditions
- this indicates the climate when the pollen was preserved

55
Q

How are orbital changes a physical cause of climate change?

A
  • milankovitch cycles
  • eccentricity = orbit around sun
    Circular to mildly elliptical (oval)
    Takes 100,000 years
  • axial tilt (orbital tilt)
    Causes day & night
    Currently 23.5 degrees
    Takes 41,000 years to change from 21.5 to 24.5 degrees
  • procession (natural “wobble”)
  • takes 26,000 years
56
Q

How are sunspots a physical cause of climate change?

A
  • a sunspot is a dark patch that appears on the sun’s surface from time to time
  • the sunspot cycle is over an 11 year period

The amount of energy emitted from the sun depends on how many sunspots there are:

  • when sunspot activity is at a maximum the sun gives off more heat
  • when sunspot activity is at a minimum the solar output is reduced
57
Q

How are volcanic eruptions a physical cause of climate change?

A
  • volcanic eruptions blast huge quantities of volcanic ash into the atmosphere which can block out the sun - reducing the temperature of the earth
  • the conversion of sulphur dioxide to sulphuric acid results in fine droplets that act like tiny mirrors reflecting radiation from the sun

This can affect the climate for many years

58
Q

What are the human causes of climate change?

A

Agriculture (cattle ranching)
Food production
Increase in cars
Fossil fuels - hydrocarbons
Deforestation
Waste pollution (burning)

59
Q

What is the greenhouse effect?

A

As solar radiation from the sun reaches the earth it heats up when entering the atmosphere
This heat is reflected back into the atmosphere
Some of the heat is absorbed by greenhouse gases

60
Q

What are impacts of climate change on people?

A

Famine - crop shortages
Financial impact
Air pollution
Flooding (good for farming)

61
Q

What are impacts of climate change on the environment?

A

Flooding
Droughts
Soil erosion
Wildfires
Desertification

62
Q

How can we adapt to the impacts of climate change by using agricultural adaptation?

A
  • educate farmers in water harvesting techniques
  • plant shade trees in crop fields to protect seedlings from sunshine
  • change planting dates to avoid extreme temperatures
63
Q

How can we adapt to the impacts of climate change by managing water supply?

A
  • irrigation
  • harvesting glacier melt water
  • artificial glacier creation from rainwater that dresses in winter
64
Q

How can we adapt to the impacts of climate change by reducing risk from rising sea levels?

A
  • building houses on stilts
  • sea walls
  • restore coastal mangrove forests for natural protection from storm waves
  • create artificial islands for people who are at risk to relocate
65
Q

How can we mitigate the impacts of climate change by using renewable energy?

A
  • fossil fuels make up 87% of all human CO2 emissions
  • Examples: hydro-electric, solar, wind, and tidal power
  • nuclear power doesn’t produce CO2 but is non renewable and the nuclear waste is hard to dispose safely
66
Q

How can we mitigate the impacts of climate change by using carbon capture?

A
  • the carbon gas is compressed and transferred by pipeline into a suitable geological reservoir
  • can capture 90% of CO2 produced when burning coal
  • expensive and rare
67
Q

How can we mitigate the impacts of climate change by planting trees?

A
  • trees photosynthesise which removes CO2
  • trees transpire, releasing moisture which makes more clouds, which have a cooling effect and block solar radiation

International agreements to plant trees:
- The Paris agreement in 2015 with 195 counties
- aim: keep global temp increase below 2°

GCSE Geography [AQA] (8 decks)

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