paper 2 - types of transfer

Question 1

what is positive transfer? with example

Answer 1

• occurs when learning or performing one skill HELPS the learning or performance of another
• e.g. learning how to throw a ball can be transferred into the arm action of a javelin throw

Question 2

what is a negative transfer? with example

Answer 2

• occurs when learning one skill hinders the learning of performance of another skill
• e.g. a squash player tries to learn tennis but struggles because the wrist action is different

Question 3

what is proactive transfer? with example

Answer 3

• proactive transfer occurs when a previously learnt skill affects the learning or performance of a new skill (yet to be learned)
• e.g. a swimmers experience with arm strokes in freestyle swimming may proactively help them when learning the butterfly stroke
• e.g. over-arm throw helps with a tennis serve

Question 4

what is retroactive transfer? with example

Answer 4

• when learning a new skill influences the learning of a previously learned skill
• e.g. a tennis plater who starts playing badminton might find their backhand in tennis improving because of the similar wrist and arm action required

Question 5

what is bilateral transfer?

Answer 5

• the transfer of learning from one side of the body to the other
• skills learned on one limb (e.g. the right leg) can help the performance on the opposite limb (e.g. the left leg)
• e.g. a football plater learns to kick with their right foot and find it easier to transfer that skill to their left foot

Question 6

how can coaches optimize positive transfer?

Answer 6

• practice skills in environments similar to the actual performance
• identifying and practicing similar movement patterns or strategies across different skills
• encouraging understanding of skill fundamentals that apply to multiple sports

Question 7

how can understanding movement patterns help optimize positive transfer?

Answer 7

• if learners understand the similarities between the movement patterns of different skills (e.g. striking a ball in tennis and table tennis), they are more likely to apply the correct techniques across all sports

Question 8

how can cognitive strategies improve positive transfer?

Answer 8

• teaching strategies that apply across activities (e.g. tactical awareness in team sports), helps learners transfer their decision-making skills to new situations or sports

Question 9

how can negative transfer be limited?

Answer 9

• making the differences between skills clear to the learner
• practicing specific skills in isolation to avoid confusion
• introducing new skills gradually and allowing time for adjustment

Question 10

how can clear explanations help limit negative transfer?

Answer 10

• prevents confusion
• reduces chances of applying the wrong techniques

Question 11

why is gradual progression important to avoid negative transfer?

Answer 11

• allows learners to adjust and understand the key differences between new and previously learned skills
• minimises interference and mistakes