paper 2 - theories of learning Flashcards
what is the key concept of Operant Conditioning?
- learning through reinforcement
- positive, negative, punishment
what is positive reinforcement?
- the presentation of approval
- increases the probability of behaviour learning
- e.g. “well done” for doing well
- ste
what is negative reinforcement?
- the withdrawal of an unwanted stimulus
- increases the probability of behaviour reoccurring
- teacher who is shouting “bad pass” stops
what is punishment?
- giving an unpleasant stimulus to the performer to prevent a response from occurring
- e.g being sent off in a match
how might a coach use operant conditioning in sports training?
- use praise and rewards to reinforce correct technique and punish or discourage incorrect movements
why is motivation important in observational learning?
- determines whether the learner will replicate the observed behaviour
- if the behaviour leads to positive rewards, the learner is more likely to replicate it
who was the observational learning theory developed by?
Albert Bandura in the in 1960’s
what was the experiment that was used for the observational learning theory, and what did it mean?
- bobo doll experiment
-‘children learn aggressive behaviours by observing adults behave aggressively - direct reinforcement wasn’t the only way people learned
what are the 3 key features of observational learning?
- vicarious reinforcement
- behaviour modelling
- self efficacy
what is vicarious reinforcement?
- “individuals can learn about the consequences of actions by observing others”
- e.g. if the observed model is rewarded for behaviour, the observer is more likely to imitate that behaviour
what is behaviour modeling?
- central to observational learning
- can include
+ live models (real people)
+ symbolic models (characters in
books, films, or social media) - verbal instructions
what is self efficacy?
-“the belief in ones ability to perform a task successfully”
- seeing others succeed can boost others confidence in their own abilities
what are the 2 strengths of observational learning?
- efficiency
- quicker and less costly
- e.g. in a work environment, a worker can learn by observing their colleagues - promotes social bonding
- interaction -> relationships and social cohesion
- beneficial in team settings
- collaboration and communication are essential
what are 2 limitations of observational learning?
- model dependent
- quality of learning depends on the model and their behaviour - context specific learning
- behaviours may not transfer well to context (e.g. a student might perfectly replicate a science experiment in class, but struggle to adapt the same procedures in a different setting)
what is the main principle of cognitive learning theory?
- focuses on how international processes such as thinking, memory, and problem solving influence learning
- emphasizes understanding and applying knowledge, rather than just responding to stimuli
how does learning occur according to cognitive learning theory?
- through processing of information
- learner takes in, organises, stores, and retrieves information, building on previous knowledge to make sense of new concepts or skills
what is the role of the ‘memory process’ in cognitive learning theory?
- critical role
- learners must retain information, store in long-term memory, and retrieve it when needed to solve problems or perform tasks
- involves the transfer of knowledge from short to long-term memory
why is feedback important in cognitive learning theory?
- crucial for learners to evaluate their performance, adjust their strategies, and correct errors
- reflect on their learning process and reinforces
how can cognitive learning theory be applied in sports training?
- in basketball, a player might analyse the opposing team’s defensive setup, recognize patterns, and use this insight to make better decisions on where to pass or move.
- this involves understanding and applying knowledge, rather than just reacting
what does the phrase w-i-p-p-i stand for when talking about the cognitive theory of learning?
- w = whole learning (best learnt as a whole)
- i = intervening variables (use of mental rehearsal)
- p = perception (interception of information/e.g. interpret timing)
- p = past experiences (formulate new ideas)
- i = insight (use intuition)
who is cognitive learning most effective and least effective for?
- most = autonomous learners
- least = cognitive performers
who created the theory of operant conditioning?
- Skinner
how might a coach use operant conditioning in sports training?
- they might praise or reward a athlete to reinforce correct technique and punish or discourage incorrect movements
- shaping the athletes behaviour
