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Geography > Paper 2-The UK's evolving human landscape > Flashcards

Paper 2-The UK's evolving human landscape Flashcards

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1
Q

What are core regions?

A

Urban areas with a high population density.

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2
Q

What is the multiplier effect?

A

People migrate to cities and regions for work and to spend money earned there on housing and goofs which creates more jobs.

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3
Q

What is a conurbation?

A

As the multiplier effect develops beyond the city, cities merge with towns to form conurbations. These influence a larger area.

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4
Q

What is life like in the rural periphery?

A

Areas of low population density, older populations, lower incomes and high transport costs.

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5
Q

What is the problem with peripheral areas?

A

They do not receive the same level of investment which affluent regions receive.

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6
Q

How do enterprise zones make rural areas more atractive?

A

Places where UK government offers companies help with start up costs and reduced taxes, they also receive super fast broadband.

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7
Q

How do regional development grants help make rural areas more atractive?

A

Available all over the UK including grants and advice to help businesses start up. Funds are small.

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8
Q

How do EU grants make rural areas more atractive?

A

Funds given by EU to help poorest regions of EU whose GDP is below 75% of average, only Cornwall and North West Wales qualified.

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9
Q

How do improvements to transport make rural areas more atractive?

A

Makes them more acessible.

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10
Q

How is net immigration changing the UK?

A

Difference between immigrant’s and emigrants is high die to EU membership and globalisation as knowledge economy in UK needs highly qualified and skilled people.

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11
Q

What is immigration?

A

The act of moving permanently into a country.

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12
Q

What is emigration?

A

Leaving ones country to settle permanently in another.

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13
Q

What has caused the higher birth rate in UK?

A

More women in their twenties choosing to have children earlier due to reduced employment.
More women at older ages choosing to have children.
Overseas women who have high fertility rates for religious regions.

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14
Q

What are the impacts of immigration on the population?

A

More multicultural, UK has an ageing population which is extremely expensive.

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15
Q

What is primary production?

A

This involves acquiring raw materials, metals and coals have to be mined, oil drilled form the ground, rubber tapped from trees and fish.

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16
Q

What is secondary production?

A

Manufacturing and assembly process.

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17
Q

What is tertiary production?

A

This refers to the commercial services that support the production and distribution, like insurance transport advertising and healthcare/teaching.

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18
Q

What was Dinnington based on up until 1992?

A

Primary sector with one of Yorkshire’s biggest collieries. Many jobs were fill time and well payed so the town thrived. It is now a business park for mostly tertiary services.

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19
Q

What is working in Dinnington like now?

A

Few jobs are in Dinnington which means they have to commute further and most jobs were temporary. Many were low payed.

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20
Q

What has happened to the type of jobs in UK?

A

Primary and secondary has fallen, primary more and tertiary has increased rapidly.

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21
Q

What is the domino effect?

A

Coal was needed to make steel which was used to build ships and machinery. Coal was expensive to mine and because it was deep not much coal is produced in the region now. Steel suffered from cheap overseas competition and shipbuilding collapsed when Asian ships were building cheaper larger ships.

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22
Q

What is left in the North?

A

Transport companies and call centres.

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23
Q

What does the knowledge economy work in?

A

Law, IT, insureance and crreative industries.

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24
Q

What what is the new rural economy?

A

Knowledge economy in rural areas and people work at home(teleworking).More flexible and not limited to office hours.

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25
Q

What are the advantages of working from home?

A

Better health as people can take breaks, no commuting and lower stress and traffic. Less sickness and parents can work at home to save money on child care. It suits disabled people. Better productivity.

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26
Q

What are the disadvantages of working from home?

A

Less contact with colleagues and boss so may be overlooked for promotion. Difficult to be motivated and work never disappears and home and work life are blurred.

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27
Q

New economy in Dinnington v knowledge economy in canary wharf.

A

Mostly men for knowledge economy.

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28
Q

What is privatisation?

A

The change in ownership of services such as rubbish collection from the public sector to the private sector. This increases role of TNC’s.

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29
Q

Where has privatisation taken place?

A

Infrastructure, the NHS and local council services.

30
Q

Where were the London docklands located?

A

On the East side of London along the river Thames.

31
Q

What has happened with the London docklands?

A

Poverty and loss of jobs as used to be massive employment in secondary sector as ships provided goods which could be turned into products. However ships increased in size which meant it was deep enough and it declined.

32
Q

What is the docklands like now?

A

Vibrant, expensive and lots of transport links as it was regenerated.

33
Q

What is special about the CBD of London?

A

oldest part of city where most offices are found, Londons radial roads make it accessible.

34
Q

What is the second CBD of London?

A

Canary Wharf.

35
Q

What is the third CBD of London?

A

Londons West End with lots of shopping streets.

36
Q

What age are most migrants?

A

21-35, internal is mostly recent graduates from UK universities.

37
Q

Where do most of the unskilled workers come from?

A

EU, Asia or West Africa.

38
Q

Why do clusters of particular ethnic groups form?

A

helps to defend migrants against discrimination and it supports ethnic shops and services. Helps to preserve cultural distinctiveness.

39
Q

Explain the Ethnicity culture and services of Newham.

A

Very diverse, mainly Asian and some African, black and white. Several temples and African Anglican churches and Asian food shops.

40
Q

Explain the income housing and services of Newham.

A

Low income and mostly rented houses and schools are under pressure caused by high birth rate, a lot of children in poverty.

41
Q

Explain the ethnicity and culture of Lambeth.

A

Diverse with mostly white and some black and tiny amount of Asian. Varies from white middle class to black Caribbean.

42
Q

Explain the income, housing and services of Lambeth.

A

Average income, with half and half split with rented property and 81% of children in the schools are from ethnic bnackrounds.

43
Q

Explain the ethnicity and culture of Richmond upon Thames.

A

Mostly white and mostly white middle class.

44
Q

Explain the income, housing and services of Richmond upon Thames.

A

Very high income and stable area where most housing is full time. Less pressure on schools were more percentage of people in care homes.

45
Q

What is deprivation?

A

Lack of wealth and services, usually means low standards of living.

46
Q

How does general health vary in Newham and Richmond?

A

Newham has a much higher infant mortality rate and % of people with a limiting long term illness. Also much more premature deaths.

47
Q

How does education vary in Newham and Richmond?

A

Newham had more people who got at least 5 GCSE’s but it also had more 19 year olds with no qualifications, more kids getting free meals and much less adults educated to degree level.

48
Q

What happened with deindustrialisation in London?

A

Industries that relied on the port were closed.

49
Q

What happened with depopulation in London?

A

Closures of industry caused unemployment and people had to leave in search of work.

50
Q

How did suburbanisation affect London?

A

Outer suburbs gained people while inner suburbs lost people.

51
Q

Why did suburban growth become possible?

A

London’s underground opened in 1863 and by 1930 the network was established. The electrification of surface rail in the 1920s made travel beyond London faster. Commuters in Guilford could reach London in 30 minutes.

52
Q

How did decentralisation affect London?

A

The shift to suburbs made people spend their money there too so shifts outwards.

53
Q

What did decentralisation lead to?

A

Out of town shopping centres, retail parks and business parks. Also e-commerce(online shopping) caused it as if you live in London you can buy a product from Glasgow.

54
Q

What is the problem with decentralisation?

A

People spend money out of city so London gains less money.

55
Q

What have they done to try and reverse decentralisation?

A

They built two shopping centres in Stratford and West Lodnon.

56
Q

Explain counter urbanisation in London.

A

People that moved out of London was to home countries so boundary between city and countryside has blurred.

57
Q

Explain suburbanisation in London.

A

Moving from inner London to the outer suburbs usually means moving from a small house to one with a a garden. Therefore the same people take up more space.

58
Q

Explain family size in London.

A

Fallen and later marriage/divorce means people are single for longer which means more homes needed.

59
Q

What has been done to limit the growth of London?

A

A green belt has been put round it to protect the countryside where no major building is allowed.

60
Q

Explain re-urbanisation in London.

A

It has reversed due to more space(as closure of docklands and industries).
Investment by large TNC’s
Gentrification-many high income workers prefer to live closer to work than commute and the middle class lifestyle
Studentification-University expansion has been caused by demand from overseas students. Universities have a big impact on communities.

61
Q

What is rebranding?

A

To give a place a new brand and get rid of the old one.

62
Q

Why did East London(Statford) need rebranding?

A

It was very derelict and was industrial which is why it declined.

63
Q

What was done to regenerate Stratford?

A

Queen Elizabeth Olympic Park was built providing new jobs and housing. New transport links too and population growth. 890 new homes built and sold. New facilities and crime rate reduced massively and exam results got better.

64
Q

What are the economic opportunities of London?

A

High demand for housing so Londons construction industry is booming.

65
Q

how can london become more sustainable?

A 
Transport
Affordable housing
Energy efficiency
Employmnet 
Green space
Waste
66
Q

What is the problem with transport and how can it be tackled?

A

Causes lots of emission so many things such as congestion charge have been introduced. New buses are also all hybrid to make it cleaner.

67
Q

What is the problem with employment and how can it be tackled?

A

Many employees are being encouraged to work some days at home to reduce transport emissions and save money.

68
Q

What is the problem with affordable housing anmd how is it being tackled?

A

Workers on minimal wage are massively struggling. FIRST STEPS programme is helping low income londoners.

69
Q

What is the problem with energy and affordable housing and how is it being tackled?

A

BedZED is a sustainable community that promotes energy conservation. They use 81% less energy.

70
Q

What is the problem with green spaces and how is it being tackled?

A

Loss of farmland, green belt has been introduced.

71
Q

What is the problem with recycling and how is it being tackled?

A

We are trying to reuse waste and provide accessible recycling and composting services. Developing waste burning power stations.

Geography (12 decks)

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