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A-LEVEL PE (OCR) > PAPER 2 - Sport Psychology > Flashcards

PAPER 2 - Sport Psychology Flashcards

1
Q

What is the narrow band approach ?

A

splits athletes into type a and type b personalities

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2
Q

What are some characteristics of a TYPE A personality ?

A
  • impatient
  • intolerant
  • high levels of stress
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3
Q

What are some characteristics of a TYPE B personality ?

A
  • relaxed
  • very tolerant
  • low levels of stress
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4
Q

Who are the two trait theorists ?

A

Eysenck and Cattell

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5
Q

Who created the 16 Personality Factor Questionnaire ?

A

Cattell

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6
Q

What does the trait theory suggest ?

A
  • we are born with traits

- personality is fixed, consistent and predictable

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7
Q

What are some characteristics of someone with a STABLE personality ?

A
  • doesn’t swing from one emotion to another
  • unchangeable
  • calm in competitive situations
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8
Q

What are some characteristics of someone with an UNSTABLE personality ?

A
  • highly anxious

- unpredictable

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9
Q

What is the RAS ?

A

Reticular Articulating System

- determines if someone is an introvert or an extrovert

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10
Q

What are some characteristics of an EXTROVERT ?

A
  • low arousal levels so seek external stimulations
  • lively
  • sociable
  • usually take part in team sports
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11
Q

What are some characteristics of an INTROVERT ?

A
  • high levels of arousal
  • don’t seek social situations
  • quiet
  • calm
    take part in individual sports events
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12
Q

Who studied the INTERACTIONIST THEORY ?

A

Hollander (1971)

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13
Q

What does the interactionist theory suggest ?

A
  • we are born with characteristics but most are modified by interacting with the environment
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14
Q

Describe Hollanders layered structure

A

behaviour = personality + environment

psychological core, typical response, role-related behaviour, social environment

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15
Q

What is the first layer of Hollander’s structure ?

A

PHSYCHOLOGICAL CORE

- where traits are stored

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16
Q

What is the second layer of Hollander’s structure ?

A

TYPICAL RESPONSE

- response given in situation

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17
Q

What is the third layer of Hollander’s structure ?

A

ROLE-RELATED BEHAVIOUR

- typical response that may be affected by circumstances

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18
Q

What is the fourth layer of Hollander’s structure ?

A

SOCIAL ENVIRONMENT

- the environment affects role-related behaviour

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19
Q

Who studied the SOCIAL LEARNING THEORY ?

A

Bandura

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20
Q

What does the social learning theory suggest ?

A
  • personalities change in situations

- we watch and copy those around us

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21
Q

Trait theory =
Social leaning theory =
Interactionist theory =

A
  • Eysenck and Cattell
  • Bandura
  • Hollander
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22
Q

What is the ideal profile of mood state

A
  • tension (low)
  • depression (low)
  • anger (low)
  • fatigue (low)
  • confusion (low)
  • vigor (high)
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23
Q

What are humanistic theories of personality ?

A
  • personal growth
  • importance of free will
  • importance of personal strength over weakness
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24
Q

Who are the two theorists in humanistic theories ?

A

Maslow and Roger

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25
Q

What does Maslow’s theory suggest ?

A
  • need for self-actualisation

- studied exceptional historical figures e.g. Abraham Lincoln

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26
Q

What was the conclusion of Maslow’s research ?

A

people with good mental health had these qualities

  • openness and spontaneity
  • ability to enjoy work
  • ability to develop friendships
  • good sense of humour
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27
Q

What does Rogers’ theory suggest ?

A
  • self-concept is the most important feature of personality

- people’s self-concepts don’t always match reality

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28
Q

What is INCONGRUENCE ?

A

the discrepancy between self-concept and reality

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29
Q

What is CONGRUENCE ?

A

a fairly accurate match between self-concept and reality

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30
Q

What are the consequences of incongruency ?

A
  • anxiety when self concepts are threatened

- people will distort experiences to avoid threat

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31
Q

What is SELF-ACTUALISATION ?

A

the realisation of one’s talents, especially considered as a drive or need present in everyone

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32
Q

What is the TRAID COMPONENTS OF ATTITUDE ?

A

CAB

  • cognitive element = beliefs
  • affective element = emotions
  • behavioural elements = behaviours
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33
Q

Describe the cognitive element (beliefs) of attitudes

A
  • formed through past experiences
  • learnt from parents / peers
  • significant people influence beliefs
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34
Q

Describe the affective elements (emotions) of attitudes

A
  • emotional reaction to something is determined by past experiences
  • good experience = do it again
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35
Q

Describe the behavioural elements (behaviours) of attitudes

A
  • behaviour isn’t always consistent with attitude

- believe something is good but don’t do it

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36
Q

What does Festinger’s Cognitive Dissonance Theory suggest ?

A
  • all three CAB elements should be consistent for an attitude to be stable
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37
Q

How does Festinger believe an attitude is changed ?

A

you must experience two or more opposing beliefs - causes the individual to become uncomfortable - one belief must be dominant to feel comfortable again

38
Q

What is PERSUASSIVE COMMUNICATION ?

A

method of changing an attitude depends on…

  • person doing persuading
  • quality of message
  • characteristics of persuadie
39
Q

What is INTRINSIC MOTIVATION ?

A
  • internal drives to do well

- personal accomplishments

40
Q

What is EXTRINSIC MOTIVATION ?

A
  • rewards / medals / money

- pressure from family / coach

41
Q

What is the DRIVE THEORY ?

A
  • performance and arousal are directly proportional

- P = H x D

42
Q

What is the INVERTED U THEORY ?

A
  • arousal and performance increase to an optimum point
43
Q

What is the CATASTROPHE THEORY ?

A
  • performance and arousal increase until a sudden drop
44
Q

What is SOMATIC ANXIETY ?

A

anxiety experienced physiologically e.g. sweating

45
Q

What is COGNITIVE ANXIETY ?

A

anxiety experienced in the mind e.g. worrying about failing

46
Q

What is the PEAK FLOW EXPERIENCE ?

A

an emotional response of an athlete who reaches their optimum performance level

47
Q

What is RAS ?

A

maintains our arousal levels

48
Q

What is COMPETITIVE ANXIETY ?

A

anxiety felt during competitive situations

  • see book for four major factors
49
Q

What is SCAT ?

A

a self-report questionnaire to assess the anxiety felt during a competition

50
Q

What is CUE UTILISATION ?

A

performer concentrating on certain cues that are relevant at that particular time

51
Q

What is the INSTINCT THEORY OF AGGRESSION ?

A
  • aggression is a natural response due to evolution

- it is an instinct

52
Q

What is the FRUSTRATION-THEORY HYPOTHESIS ?

A
  • frustration will always lead to aggression

- aggression then leads to catharsis

53
Q

What is the SOCIAL LEARNING THEORY for aggression ?

A
  • aggression is learnt by watching others such as sporting role models
54
Q

What is ASSERTION ?

A

forceful behaviour within the laws of the game

55
Q

What are some problems with the INSTINCT THEORY ?

A
  • human aggression is often not spontaneous
  • human aggression often learned
  • too generalised
56
Q

What are some problems with the FRUSTRATION-AGGRESSION THEORY ?

A
  • frustration doesn’t always lead to aggression
57
Q

What is SOCIAL FACILITATION ?

A

the positive influence of others, who may be watching a competition

58
Q

What is SOCIAL INHIBITION ?

A

the negative influence of others, who may be watching a competition

59
Q

What is EVALUATION APPREHENSION ?

A

when a performer feels their performance is being evaluated, their arousal levels increase

60
Q

What is HOME FIELD ADVANTAGE ?

A
  • teams win more when home
  • home crowd
  • known environment

contrast. ..
- performer feels more pressure being home

61
Q

How does personality effect social facilitation ?

A
  • type A perform worse with an audience

- extrovert seek high arousal situation so perform better with an audience

62
Q

How do levels of experience effect social facilitation ?

A
  • previous experience can aid performance unless an athlete previously failed in front of a crowd
  • elite performers will do better because their dominant response will be correct
  • crowd’s knowledge may increase evaluation apprehension
  • knowing the crowd can increase anxiety
63
Q

How does the type of skill effect social facilitation ?

A
  • simple / gross do well with high arousal because they are easy to do
64
Q

What are some strategies to minimise social inhibition ?

A
  • try to shut out the audience
  • mental imagery
  • deep breathing
  • self talk
65
Q

What is ATTRIBUTION ?

A
  • linked to motivation

- the REASONS / justifications we use for a RESULT in sport

66
Q

Who invented the model of attribution ?

A

WEINER

67
Q

What is LOCUS OF CAUSALITY ?

A
  • two-dimensional model

- whether the attribution comes from within (INTERNAL) or the environment (EXTERNAL)

68
Q

INTERNAL : STABLE

A

ABILITY

69
Q

INTERNAL : UNSTABLE

A

EFFORT

70
Q

EXTERNAL : STABLE

A

TASK DIFFICULTY

71
Q

EXTERNAL : UNSTABLE

A

LUCK

72
Q

What is SELF-SERVING BIAS ?

A

a person’s tendency to attribute their failure to external reason

73
Q

Give an example self-serving bias ?

A

‘I lost the badminton match because the floor was too slippy’ - an excuse to explain their poor performance

74
Q

What is CONTROLLABILITY ?

A

whether attributions are under the CONTROL of the PERFORMER or under the control of OTHERS, or whether they are UNCONTROLLABLE

75
Q

What is LEARNED HELPLESSNESS ?

A

belief that FAILURE is INEVITABLE

76
Q

What is SPECIFIC LEARNED HELPLESSNESS ?

A

occurs in particular situations ‘I am a hopeless football player’

77
Q

What is GLOBAL LEARNED HELPLESSNESS ?

A

occurs in groups of situations ‘I am hopeless at all sport’

78
Q

What is MASTERY ORIENTATION ?

A
  • motivated by becoming an EXPERT

- associate failure to internal and unstable factors

79
Q

What is ATTRIBUTION RETRAINING ?

A
  • seeking to change LEARNED HELPLESSNESS into MASTERY ORIENTATION
80
Q

What is SPORTS CONFIDENCE ?

A
  • the BELIEF or degree of CERTAINTY individuals possess about their ABILITY to be SUCCESSFUL in sport
81
Q

What is SELF-EFFICACY ?

A

the SELF-CONFIDENCE we have in SPECIFIC SITUATIONS

82
Q

Give and example of self-efficacy

A

Badminton - i am good at a doubles serve but not a smash

83
Q

What is SELF-ESTEEM ?

A

the feeling of SELF-WORTH that determines how VALUABLE and competent we feel

84
Q

What is an SC - trait ?

A

an existing level of sport confidence

85
Q

What is competitive orientation ?

A

an existing level of competitiveness

86
Q

What is SC - state ?

A

the levels of SC-trait and competitive orientation

87
Q

What is subjective perceptions of outcome ?

A

how someone interprets their performance in sport

88
Q

What are the 4 stages of Bandura’s model of self-efficacy ?

A
  • performance accomplishments
  • vicarious experiences
  • verbal persuasion
  • emotional arousal
89
Q

What is PERFORMANCE ACCOMPLISHMENTS ?

A

if success has been experienced in the past, especially if due to controllable factors then confidence is likely to be high

90
Q

What are VICARIOUS EXPERIENCES ?

A

if we watch other peoples success we are more likely to have high self-efficacy
- as long as who we are watching are of similar standard

91
Q

What is VERBAL PERSUASION ?

A

if we encouraged to try an activity our confidence may increase

92
Q

What is EMOTIONAL AROUSAL ?

A

if we have effective strategies to control our arousal levels we are more likely to have high self-efficacy

A-LEVEL PE (OCR) (27 decks)

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