PAPER 2 - Sport Psychology Flashcards
1
Q
What is the narrow band approach ?
A
splits athletes into type a and type b personalities
2
Q
What are some characteristics of a TYPE A personality ?
A
- impatient
- intolerant
- high levels of stress
3
Q
What are some characteristics of a TYPE B personality ?
A
- relaxed
- very tolerant
- low levels of stress
4
Q
Who are the two trait theorists ?
A
Eysenck and Cattell
5
Q
Who created the 16 Personality Factor Questionnaire ?
A
Cattell
6
Q
What does the trait theory suggest ?
A
- we are born with traits
- personality is fixed, consistent and predictable
7
Q
What are some characteristics of someone with a STABLE personality ?
A
- doesn’t swing from one emotion to another
- unchangeable
- calm in competitive situations
8
Q
What are some characteristics of someone with an UNSTABLE personality ?
A
- highly anxious
- unpredictable
9
Q
What is the RAS ?
A
Reticular Articulating System
- determines if someone is an introvert or an extrovert
10
Q
What are some characteristics of an EXTROVERT ?
A
- low arousal levels so seek external stimulations
- lively
- sociable
- usually take part in team sports
11
Q
What are some characteristics of an INTROVERT ?
A
- high levels of arousal
- don’t seek social situations
- quiet
- calm
take part in individual sports events
12
Q
Who studied the INTERACTIONIST THEORY ?
A
Hollander (1971)
13
Q
What does the interactionist theory suggest ?
A
- we are born with characteristics but most are modified by interacting with the environment
14
Q
Describe Hollanders layered structure
A
behaviour = personality + environment
psychological core, typical response, role-related behaviour, social environment
15
Q
What is the first layer of Hollander’s structure ?
A
PHSYCHOLOGICAL CORE
- where traits are stored
16
Q
What is the second layer of Hollander’s structure ?
A
TYPICAL RESPONSE
- response given in situation
17
Q
What is the third layer of Hollander’s structure ?
A
ROLE-RELATED BEHAVIOUR
- typical response that may be affected by circumstances
18
Q
What is the fourth layer of Hollander’s structure ?
A
SOCIAL ENVIRONMENT
- the environment affects role-related behaviour
19
Q
Who studied the SOCIAL LEARNING THEORY ?
A
Bandura
20
Q
What does the social learning theory suggest ?
A
- personalities change in situations
- we watch and copy those around us
21
Q
Trait theory =
Social leaning theory =
Interactionist theory =
A
- Eysenck and Cattell
- Bandura
- Hollander
22
Q
What is the ideal profile of mood state
A
- tension (low)
- depression (low)
- anger (low)
- fatigue (low)
- confusion (low)
- vigor (high)
23
Q
What are humanistic theories of personality ?
A
- personal growth
- importance of free will
- importance of personal strength over weakness
24
Q
Who are the two theorists in humanistic theories ?
A
Maslow and Roger
25
What does Maslow's theory suggest ?
- need for self-actualisation
| - studied exceptional historical figures e.g. Abraham Lincoln
26
What was the conclusion of Maslow's research ?
people with good mental health had these qualities
- openness and spontaneity
- ability to enjoy work
- ability to develop friendships
- good sense of humour
27
What does Rogers' theory suggest ?
- self-concept is the most important feature of personality
| - people's self-concepts don't always match reality
28
What is INCONGRUENCE ?
the discrepancy between self-concept and reality
29
What is CONGRUENCE ?
a fairly accurate match between self-concept and reality
30
What are the consequences of incongruency ?
- anxiety when self concepts are threatened
| - people will distort experiences to avoid threat
31
What is SELF-ACTUALISATION ?
the realisation of one's talents, especially considered as a drive or need present in everyone
32
What is the TRAID COMPONENTS OF ATTITUDE ?
CAB
- cognitive element = beliefs
- affective element = emotions
- behavioural elements = behaviours
33
Describe the cognitive element (beliefs) of attitudes
- formed through past experiences
- learnt from parents / peers
- significant people influence beliefs
34
Describe the affective elements (emotions) of attitudes
- emotional reaction to something is determined by past experiences
- good experience = do it again
35
Describe the behavioural elements (behaviours) of attitudes
- behaviour isn't always consistent with attitude
| - believe something is good but don't do it
36
What does Festinger's Cognitive Dissonance Theory suggest ?
- all three CAB elements should be consistent for an attitude to be stable
37
How does Festinger believe an attitude is changed ?
you must experience two or more opposing beliefs - causes the individual to become uncomfortable - one belief must be dominant to feel comfortable again
38
What is PERSUASSIVE COMMUNICATION ?
method of changing an attitude depends on...
- person doing persuading
- quality of message
- characteristics of persuadie
39
What is INTRINSIC MOTIVATION ?
- internal drives to do well
| - personal accomplishments
40
What is EXTRINSIC MOTIVATION ?
- rewards / medals / money
| - pressure from family / coach
41
What is the DRIVE THEORY ?
- performance and arousal are directly proportional
| - P = H x D
42
What is the INVERTED U THEORY ?
- arousal and performance increase to an optimum point
43
What is the CATASTROPHE THEORY ?
- performance and arousal increase until a sudden drop
44
What is SOMATIC ANXIETY ?
anxiety experienced physiologically e.g. sweating
45
What is COGNITIVE ANXIETY ?
anxiety experienced in the mind e.g. worrying about failing
46
What is the PEAK FLOW EXPERIENCE ?
an emotional response of an athlete who reaches their optimum performance level
47
What is RAS ?
maintains our arousal levels
48
What is COMPETITIVE ANXIETY ?
anxiety felt during competitive situations
- see book for four major factors
49
What is SCAT ?
a self-report questionnaire to assess the anxiety felt during a competition
50
What is CUE UTILISATION ?
performer concentrating on certain cues that are relevant at that particular time
51
What is the INSTINCT THEORY OF AGGRESSION ?
- aggression is a natural response due to evolution
| - it is an instinct
52
What is the FRUSTRATION-THEORY HYPOTHESIS ?
- frustration will always lead to aggression
| - aggression then leads to catharsis
53
What is the SOCIAL LEARNING THEORY for aggression ?
- aggression is learnt by watching others such as sporting role models
54
What is ASSERTION ?
forceful behaviour within the laws of the game
55
What are some problems with the INSTINCT THEORY ?
- human aggression is often not spontaneous
- human aggression often learned
- too generalised
56
What are some problems with the FRUSTRATION-AGGRESSION THEORY ?
- frustration doesn't always lead to aggression
57
What is SOCIAL FACILITATION ?
the positive influence of others, who may be watching a competition
58
What is SOCIAL INHIBITION ?
the negative influence of others, who may be watching a competition
59
What is EVALUATION APPREHENSION ?
when a performer feels their performance is being evaluated, their arousal levels increase
60
What is HOME FIELD ADVANTAGE ?
- teams win more when home
- home crowd
- known environment
contrast. ..
- performer feels more pressure being home
61
How does personality effect social facilitation ?
- type A perform worse with an audience
| - extrovert seek high arousal situation so perform better with an audience
62
How do levels of experience effect social facilitation ?
- previous experience can aid performance unless an athlete previously failed in front of a crowd
- elite performers will do better because their dominant response will be correct
- crowd's knowledge may increase evaluation apprehension
- knowing the crowd can increase anxiety
63
How does the type of skill effect social facilitation ?
- simple / gross do well with high arousal because they are easy to do
64
What are some strategies to minimise social inhibition ?
- try to shut out the audience
- mental imagery
- deep breathing
- self talk
65
What is ATTRIBUTION ?
- linked to motivation
| - the REASONS / justifications we use for a RESULT in sport
66
Who invented the model of attribution ?
WEINER
67
What is LOCUS OF CAUSALITY ?
- two-dimensional model
| - whether the attribution comes from within (INTERNAL) or the environment (EXTERNAL)
68
INTERNAL : STABLE
ABILITY
69
INTERNAL : UNSTABLE
EFFORT
70
EXTERNAL : STABLE
TASK DIFFICULTY
71
EXTERNAL : UNSTABLE
LUCK
72
What is SELF-SERVING BIAS ?
a person's tendency to attribute their failure to external reason
73
Give an example self-serving bias ?
'I lost the badminton match because the floor was too slippy' - an excuse to explain their poor performance
74
What is CONTROLLABILITY ?
whether attributions are under the CONTROL of the PERFORMER or under the control of OTHERS, or whether they are UNCONTROLLABLE
75
What is LEARNED HELPLESSNESS ?
belief that FAILURE is INEVITABLE
76
What is SPECIFIC LEARNED HELPLESSNESS ?
occurs in particular situations 'I am a hopeless football player'
77
What is GLOBAL LEARNED HELPLESSNESS ?
occurs in groups of situations 'I am hopeless at all sport'
78
What is MASTERY ORIENTATION ?
- motivated by becoming an EXPERT
| - associate failure to internal and unstable factors
79
What is ATTRIBUTION RETRAINING ?
- seeking to change LEARNED HELPLESSNESS into MASTERY ORIENTATION
80
What is SPORTS CONFIDENCE ?
- the BELIEF or degree of CERTAINTY individuals possess about their ABILITY to be SUCCESSFUL in sport
81
What is SELF-EFFICACY ?
the SELF-CONFIDENCE we have in SPECIFIC SITUATIONS
82
Give and example of self-efficacy
Badminton - i am good at a doubles serve but not a smash
83
What is SELF-ESTEEM ?
the feeling of SELF-WORTH that determines how VALUABLE and competent we feel
84
What is an SC - trait ?
an existing level of sport confidence
85
What is competitive orientation ?
an existing level of competitiveness
86
What is SC - state ?
the levels of SC-trait and competitive orientation
87
What is subjective perceptions of outcome ?
how someone interprets their performance in sport
88
What are the 4 stages of Bandura's model of self-efficacy ?
- performance accomplishments
- vicarious experiences
- verbal persuasion
- emotional arousal
89
What is PERFORMANCE ACCOMPLISHMENTS ?
if success has been experienced in the past, especially if due to controllable factors then confidence is likely to be high
90
What are VICARIOUS EXPERIENCES ?
if we watch other peoples success we are more likely to have high self-efficacy
- as long as who we are watching are of similar standard
91
What is VERBAL PERSUASION ?
if we encouraged to try an activity our confidence may increase
92
What is EMOTIONAL AROUSAL ?
if we have effective strategies to control our arousal levels we are more likely to have high self-efficacy
