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A-LEVEL PE (OCR) > PAPER 1 - Biomechanics > Flashcards

PAPER 1 - Biomechanics Flashcards

1
Q

Define Newton’s First law of motion : INERTIA

A

a body continues in a STATE OF REST or UNIFORM VELOCITY unless acted upon by an EXTERNAL or UNBALANCED FORCE

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2
Q

Define Newton’s Second law of motion : ACCELERATION

A

a body’s RATE OF CHANGE in MOMENTUM is PROPORTIONAL to the SIZE of the FORCE applied and acts in the SAME DIRECTION as the force applied

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3
Q

Define Newton’s Third law of motion : REACTION

A

for every ACTION FORCE applied to a body there is an EQUAL and OPPOSITE reaction force

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4
Q

What is the equation for VELOCITY ?

A

velocity = displacement / time taken

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5
Q

What is the equation for MOMENTUM ?

A

momentum = mass x velocity

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6
Q

What is the equation for ACCELERATION ?

A

acceleration = (final velocity - initial velocity) / time taken

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7
Q

What is the equation for FORCE ?

A

force = mass x acceleration

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8
Q

Define FORCE

A

a PUSH or PULL that ALTERS that state of motion of a body

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9
Q

Define INTERTIA

A

the RESISTANCE of a body to CHANGE its state of motion, whether at rest or while moving

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10
Q

Define VELOCITY

A

the RATE OF CHANGE in DISPLACEMENT

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11
Q

Define MOMENTUM

A

the QUANTITY of MOTION possessed by a body

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12
Q

Define ACCELERATION

A

the RATE OF CHANGE in VELOCITY

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13
Q

Define WEIGHT

A

GRAVITATIONAL PULL that the earth exerts on the body - (N)

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14
Q

Define REACTION

A

EQUAL AND OPPOSITE FORCE in response to the action force placed upon it

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15
Q

Define FRICTION

A

the force that OPPOSES the motion of TWO SURFACES in contact

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16
Q

Define AIR RESISTANCE

A

a force that OPPOSES the MOTION of a body TRAVELLING through the air

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17
Q

What are LIMB KINETICS ?

A
  • study movement in relation to TIME AND SPACE

- white dots

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18
Q

What are FORCE PLATES ?

A
  • measure ground reaction forces
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19
Q

What are WIND TUNNELS ?

A
  • test aerodynamic efficiency

- measure air resistance

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20
Q

Define CENTRE OF MASS

A

the point at which a body is BALANCED in ALL DIRECTIONS

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21
Q

How do you increase stability ?

A
  • increase mass = increase inertia
  • decrease CoM
  • increase BoS
  • more central LoG
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22
Q

Define LINE OF GRAVITY

A

imaginary line that extends from the COM downwards to the FLOOR

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23
Q

What is a FIRST CLASS lever ?

A

effort - fulcrum - load

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24
Q

What is a SECOND CLASS lever ?

A

effort - load - fulcrum

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25
What is a THIRD CLASS lever ?
load - effort - fulcrum
26
What is the EFFORT ARM ?
distance from the FULCRUM to the EFFORT
27
What is the LOAD ARM ?
distance from the LOAD to the FULCRUM
28
What is MECHANICAL ADVANTAGE ?
SECOND CLASS - effort arm is greater than the load arm - large load / small effort - slower
29
What is MECHANICAL DISADVANTAGE ?
THIRD CLASS - load arm is greater than effort arm - small load / large effort - faster
30
What is an INTERNAL FORCE ?
generated by the CONTRACTION of SKELETAL MUSCLE
31
INTERNAL FORCE : EXAMPLE
100m - contract rectus femoris - extend knee - drive away from the blocks
32
What is an EXTERNAL FORCE ?
comes from OUTSIDE the body and acts upon it
33
What are the 4 examples of EXTERNAL FORCES ?
- weight - reaction - friction - air resistance
34
What are the 5 effects of FORCE ?
- create motion - accelerate a body - decelerate a body - changing the direction - changing the shape
35
Using a football penalty as an example: how does force (1) CREATE MOTION ?
the football will remain at rest on the penalty spot until a force is applied to it
36
Using a football penalty as an example: how does force (2) ACCELERATE A BODY ?
the greater the force applied by the footballer's foot to the ball, the greater the rate of acceleration towards the goal
37
Using a football penalty as an example: how does force (3) DECELERATE A BODY ?
as the ball moves through the air towards the goal, the force of AIR RESISTANCE will act in the OPPOSITE direction and slow it down
38
Using a football penalty as an example: how does force (4) CHANGE THE DIRECTION OF A BODY ?
as the goalkeeper dives to save a high corner shot, he will apply force from his HANDS to the BALL, changing it's direction pushing it AWAY from the goal
39
Using a football penalty as an example: how does force (5) CHANGE THE SHAPE OF A BODY ?
if the goalkeeper fails to make the save, the force of the ball coming into contact with the NET will change the shape of the net.
40
What is NET FORCE ? (resultant force)
sum of all the forces action on a body - when all individual forces have been considered
41
What is the net force when forces are BALANCED ?
net force = 0
42
What are BALANCED FORCES ?
two or more forces action on a body are EQUAL IN SIZE and OPPOSITE IN DIRECTION
43
What are UNBALANCED FORCES ?
two or more forces UNEQUAL IN SIZE and OPPOSITE IN DIRECTION = net force
44
What are the 2 VERTICAL FORCES ?
weight | reaction
45
What is the equation for WEIGHT ?
mass x acceleration due to gravity
46
What are the 2 HORIZONTAL FORCES ?
friction | air resistance
47
What 4 factors affect FRICTION ?
- roughness of ground surface - roughness of contact surface - temperature - size of normal reaction
48
How does (1) ROUGHNESS OF GROUND SURFACE affect friction ?
increasing roughness = increased friction
49
How does (2) ROUGHNESS OF CONTACT SURFACE affect friction ?
increasing roughness = increasing friction
50
How does (3) TEMPERATURE affect friction ?
increasing temperature = increasing friction | e.g. F1 drivers have warm up lap
51
How does (4) SIZE OF NORMAL REACTION affect friction ?
increasing normal reaction = increasing friction | e.g. shot-putters have high mass - equal / opposite high reaction force - greater friction - prevents over-rotation
52
What 4 factors is AIR RESISTANCE affected by ?
- velocity - shape - frontal cross-sectional area - smoothness of surface
53
How does (1) VELOCITY affect air resistance ?
increasing velocity = increasing air resistance
54
How does (2) SHAPE affect air resistance ?
increased aerodynamic = decreasing air resistance
55
What is STREAMLINING ?
creation of SMOOTH AIR FLOW around an AERODYNAMIC shape to minimise air resistance
56
How does (3) FRONTAL CROSS-SECTIONAL AREA affect air resistance ?
decreasing frontal cross-sectional area = decreasing air resistance
57
How does (4) SMOOTHNESS OF SURFACE affect air resistance ?
increasing smoothness = decreasing air resistance
58
What are the units for velocity ?
metres per second - m/s
59
What are the units for acceleration ?
metres per second per second - m/s/s
60
What are the units for momentum ?
kilogram metres per second - kgm/s
61
What are the units for force ?
newtons - N
62
What are the units for weight ?
newtons - N
63
What is RELIABILITY ?
the extent to which an experiments produces the SAME RESULT after REPEATED TRIALS
64
What is VALIDITY ?
how well a test measures what it claims to measure = accurate application and interpretation
65
What is LINEAR MOTION ?
movement of a body in a STRAIGHT or CURVED line, where all parts move the SAME DISTANCE, in the SAME DIRECTION over the SAME TIME
66
What is DIRECT FORCE ?
a force applied through the CoM resulting in LINEAR MOTION
67
What is DISTANCE ?
the total length covered from start to finish (m)
68
What is DISPLACEMENT ?
the shortest straight-line route from start to finish (m)
69
What is SPEED ?
the rate of change in DISTANCE (m/s)
70
What is a DISTANCE/TIME graph ?
a visual representation of the DISTANCE travelled plotted AGAINST the TIME taken
71
What is a SPEED/TIME graph ?
a visual representation of the SPEED OF MOTION plotted AGAINST the TIME taken
72
What is VELOCITY/TIME graph ?
a visual representation of the VELOCITY OF MOTION plotted against the TIME taken
73
What is ANGULAR MOTION ?
movement of a body or part of a body in a CIRCULAR PATH about an AXIS OF ROTATION
74
What is an ECCENTRIC FORCE ?
a force applied OUTSIDE the CoM, resulting in ANGULAR MOTION
75
What is a TORQUE ?
a MEASURE of the TURNING force applied to a body
76
What is a sporting example of linear motion ?
skeleton bob at top speed
77
What is a sporting example of angular motion ?
gymnastic somersault
78
Where does the LONGITUDINAL AXIS run ?
from head to toe (through the CoM)
79
Where does the TRANSVERSE AXIS run ?
from left to right (through the CoM)
80
Where does the FRONTAL AXIS run ?
from front to back (through the CoM)
81
What sport skill occurs in the longitudinal axis ?
flat spin on ice
82
What sport skill occurs in the transverse axis ?
somersault
83
What sport skill occurs in the frontal axis ?
cartwheel
84
What is ANGULAR VELOCITY ?
the rate of change in ANGULAR DISPLACEMENT (radians per second)
85
What is MOMENT OF INERTIA ?
the RESISTANCE of a body to change its state of ANGULAR MOTION or ROTATION
86
How do you calculate moment of inertia ?
mass x distance from axis
87
What is ANGULAR MOMENTUM ?
the QUANTITY of ANGULAR MOTION possessed by a body

A-LEVEL PE (OCR) (27 decks)

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