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A-LEVEL PE (OCR) > PAPER 1 - The Muscular System > Flashcards

PAPER 1 - The Muscular System Flashcards

1
Q

Define ISOTONIC CONTRACTION

A

contractions that cause the muscle to change length, producing movement

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2
Q

Define CONCENTRIC

A

contractions that cause the muscle to shorten e.g. bicep curl (upwards)

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3
Q

Define ECCENTRIC

A

contractions that cause the muscle to lengthen e.g. bicep curl (downwards)

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4
Q

Define ISOMETRIC CONTRACTION

A

there is no change in the length of the contracting muscle, causing no movement

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5
Q

What are FIXATORS ?

A

the muscle that STABILISES the ORIGIN of the AGONIST and the JOINT that the origin moves over

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6
Q

Define FLEXION

A

a movement around a joint that decreases the angle between the bones and the joint

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7
Q

Define EXTENSION

A

a movement around a joint that increases the angle between the bones and the joint

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8
Q

Define LATERAL

A

towards the outside

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9
Q

Define MEDIAL

A

towards the middle

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10
Q

Define POSTERIOR

A

towards the back

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11
Q

Define ANTERIOR

A

towards the front

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12
Q

What movement occurs at the WRIST ?

A
  • flexion

- extension

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13
Q

What movement occurs at the ELBOW ?

A
  • flexion

- extension

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14
Q

What movement occurs at SHOULDER ?

A
  • flexion
  • extension
  • adduction
  • abduction
  • medial rotation
  • lateral rotation
  • horizontal extension
  • horizontal flexion
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15
Q

What movement occurs at the HIP ?

A
  • flexion
  • extension
  • adduction
  • abduction
  • medial rotation
  • lateral rotation
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16
Q

What movement occurs at the KNEE ?

A
  • flexion

- extension

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17
Q

What movement occurs at the ANKLE ?

A
  • plantar flexion

- dorsi flexion

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18
Q

WRIST : FLEXION : AGONIST

A

wrist flexors

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19
Q

WRIST : EXTENSION : AGONIST

A

wrist extensors

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20
Q

ELBOW : FLEXION : AGONIST

A

biceps brachii

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21
Q

ELBOW : EXTENSION : AGONIST

A

triceps brachii

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22
Q

SHOULDER : FLEXION : AGONIST

A

anterior deltoid

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23
Q

SHOULDER : EXTENSION : AGONIST

A

posterior deltoid

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24
Q

SHOULDER : ADDUCTION : AGONIST

A

latissimus dorsi

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25
SHOULDER : ABDUCTION : AGONIST
middle deltoid
26
SHOULDER : M.ROTATION : AGONIST
teres major
27
SHOULDER : L.ROTATION : AGONIST
teres minor
28
SHOULDER : HORIZONTAL F : AGONIST
pectorals major
29
SHOULDER : HORIZONTAL E : AGONIST
posterior deltoid
30
HIP : FLEXION : AGONIST
iliopsoas
31
HIP : EXTENSION : AGONIST
gluteus maximus
32
HIP : ADDUCTION : AGONIST
adductor longus, brevis, magnus
33
HIP : ABDUCTION : AGONIST
gluteus medius / minus
34
HIP : M.ROTATION : AGONIST
gluteus medius / minus
35
HIP : L.ROTATION : AGONIST
gluteus maximus
36
KNEE : FLEXION : AGONIST
bicep femoris
37
KNEE : EXTENSION : AGONIST
rectus femoris
38
ANKLE : PLANTAR FLEXION : AGONIST
gastrocnemius & soleus
39
ANKLE : DORSI FLEXION : AGONIST
tibialis anterior
40
What plane is flexion in ?
sagittal
41
What plane is extension in ?
sagittal
42
What plane is adduction in ?
frontal
43
What plane is abduction in ?
frontal
44
What plane is medial rotation in ?
horizontal
45
What plane is lateral rotation in ?
horizontal
46
What plane in horizontal flexion in ?
horizontal
47
What plane in horizontal extension in ?
horizontal
48
What are the three muscle types ?
- slow oxidative (type 1) - fast oxidative (type 2) - fast glycolytic (type 2X)
49
What are slow oxidative muscle fibres designed to do ?
- store oxygen in MYOGLOBIN - produce OXYGEN in the MITOCHONDRIA - work AEROBICALLY - produce small amounts of force but resist fatigue - e.g. marathon
50
What are fast oxidative muscle fibres designed to do ?
- produce large amounts of force quickly - have the capacity to resist fatigue - e.g. 800m
51
What are fast glycolytic muscle fibres designed to do ?
- work anaerobically - large stores of PHOSPHOCREATINE - fatigue quickly - e.g. 100m
52
What is a MOTOR NEURON ?
a NERVE CELL which transmits a NERVE IMPULSE to a group of MUSCLE FIBRES
53
What is a MOTOR UNIT ?
a MOTOR NEURON and the MUSCLE FIBRE stimulated by its AXON
54
What is ACTION POTENTIAL ?
POSITIVE ELECTRICAL CHARGE inside the NERVE and MUSCLE CELL which conducts the NERVE IMPULSE down the NEURON and into the MUSCLE FIBRE
55
What is a NEUROMUSCULAR JUNCTION ?
where the axon's MOTOR END PLATES meets the MUSCLE FIBRE
56
What is a SYNAPTIC CLEF ?
the small gap between the motor end plates and the muscle fibre
57
What is a NEUROTRANSMITTER ?
a CHEMICAL produced that carries the ELECTRICAL IMPULSES across the SYNAPTIC CLEF and to the MUSCLE FUBRE
58
Define MITOCHONDRIA
a STRUCTURE in the SARCOPLASM responsible for AEROBIC ENERGY PRODUCTION
59
Define MYOGLOBIN
a PROTEIN in the muscle responsible for TRANSPORTING OXYGEN to the MITOCHONDRIA
60
Define AEROBIC
low intensity, long-duration exercise in the presence of oxygen
61
Define ANAEROBIC
high intensity, short-duration exercise without the presence of oxygen
62
Define FATIGUE
a SUBJECTIVE feeling of tiredness that has a GRADUAL ONSET and can have physical and mental causes
63
Define ELASTICITY
the ABILITY of an object or material to RESUME its normal shape after being stretched or compressed
64
Define GLYCOGEN LOADING
the MANIPULATION of CARBOHYDRATE INTAKE in the week before competition to maximize stores of glycogen
65
Define CAPILLARY
a FINE BRANCHING blood vessel that connects an artery to a vein
66
Define DENSITY
a measurement that compares an objects mass to volume
67
Define PHOSPHOCTREATINE
a HIGH-ENERGY COMPOUND store in the muscle cell used as a FUEL for high intensity energy production
68
Define GLYCOGEN
glycogen is a READILY MOBILIZED storage form of glucose and is the MAIN FUEL SOURCE for our cells
69
What is ACETYLCHOLINE
the NEURONTRANSMITTER used at the NEUROMUSCULAR JUNCTION

A-LEVEL PE (OCR) (27 decks)

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