PAPER 2 - Sport Psychology Flashcards
What is the narrow band approach ?
splits athletes into type a and type b personalities
What are some characteristics of a TYPE A personality ?
- Highly Competitive
- Strong desire to succeed
-Works fast
-Likes to be in control - high levels of stress
What are some characteristics of a TYPE B personality ?
- Non-competitive
- Unambitious
-Works more slowly
-Does not enjoy being in control
-Low levels of stress
What does the trait theory suggest ?
- we are born with traits
- personality is fixed, consistent and predictable
What are some characteristics of someone with a STABLE personality ?
- doesn’t swing from one emotion to another
- unchangeable
- calm in competitive situations
What are some characteristics of someone with an UNSTABLE personality ?
- highly anxious
-Unpredictable Emotions
- unpredictable
What is the RAS ?
Reticular Articulating System
- determines if someone is an introvert or an extrovert
What are some characteristics of an EXTROVERT ?
-A person who seeks social situations
-Likes excitement
-Lacks concentration
What are some characteristics of an INTROVERT ?
-Doesn’t seek social situations
- quiet
- calm
-Good at concentrating
What does the interactionist theory suggest ?
-Combines trait theory and social learning theory
-Suggests that we base behaviour on inherit traits that we then adapt to the situation
What does Social Learning Theory suggest?
-We learn characteristics from people, especially those we hold in high esteem, such as parents, coaches, role models etc
-Behaviour changes depending on the situation and is therefore a product of our interaction with the environment
Who studied the SOCIAL LEARNING THEORY ?
Bandura
What does the social learning theory suggest ?
- personalities change in situations
- we watch and copy those around us
Trait theory =
Social leaning theory =
Interactionist theory =
- Eysenck and Cattell
- Bandura
- Hollander
Definition of attitude
A predisposition to act in a particular way towards something or someone in a person’s environment
Factors affecting positive attitudes
-Belief in the benefits of exercise
-Enjoyable experiences in sport
-Being good at a sport
-Using sport as a stress release
-The influence of others where participation is the norm
Factors affecting negative attitudes
-Not believing in the benefits of exercise
-Bad past experience
-Lack of ability
-Fear of taking part
Suffering stress when taking part
-Influence of others when non-participation is the norm
What is the TRAID COMPONENTS OF ATTITUDE ?
CAB
- cognitive element = beliefs
- affective element = emotions
- behavioural elements = behaviours
Describe the cognitive element (beliefs) of attitudes
- formed through past experiences
- learnt from parents / peers
- significant people influence beliefs
Describe the affective elements (emotions) of attitudes
- emotional reaction to something is determined by past experiences
- good experience = do it again
Describe the behavioural elements (behaviours) of attitudes
- behaviour isn’t always consistent with attitude
- believe something is good but don’t do it
What are the 2 methods of changing attitudes
- Persuasive communication
2.Cognitive dissonance
What is PERSUASSIVE COMMUNICATION ?
method of changing an attitude depends on…
-The persuader: person doing persuading
-The message: quality of message
-The receiver: person whose attitude the persuader is trying to change
What is cognitive dissonance
-According to this theory, individuals like to be consistent in what they do,feel and believe
-Therefore it can be uncomfortable for an individual to have contradictory thoughts about something or someone, this may lead them to change their attitude
What is the defintion of motivation and its 3 key aspects?
-Motivation is the psychological drive to succeed
-3 aspects:
1. inner drive towards achieving a goal
2.external pressures and rewards we receive
3.intensity (arousal level)
What is INTRINSIC MOTIVATION ?
- internal drive from within to do well
- personal accomplishments
What is EXTRINSIC MOTIVATION ?
-External source
- rewards / medals / money
- pressure from family / coach
What is the DRIVE THEORY ?
- performance and arousal are directly proportional
- P = H x D
Key points of Drive Theory
-Quality of performance depends how well the skill has been learned
-Dominant response is likely to occur
What is the INVERTED U THEORY ?
- arousal and performance increase to an optimum point
Key points of Inverted U Theory
-Personality: extroverts learn best under conditions of high arousal, introverts under conditions of low arousal
-Type of task: gross/simple/closed- high arousal
fine/complex/open- low arousal
-Stage of learning:
cognitive/associative- low arousal
autonomous- high arousal
Impact of under-arousal on performance
-Difficult to direct focus onto environmental cues
-Concentration is lost as attention field it too wide
-Selective attention, cannot operate
-Information overload prevents decision making
Optimum arousal impact on performance
-Perfect state
-Attention field is ideal
-Performer is able to concentrate fully
-Important cues can be absorbed
Over-arousal impact on performance
-Causes attention field to narrow
-Relevant environmental cues lost
–Performer is in a state of panic
-Selective attention, cannot operate
-Concentration is impeded
What is the CATASTROPHE THEORY ?
- performance and arousal increase until a sudden drop
Key points of Catastrophe Theory
-Drop is vertical
-After catastrophe, the performer can rejoin the upward curve of arousal
-This return requires the performer to reduce cognitive anxiety
What is SOMATIC ANXIETY ?
anxiety experienced physiologically e.g. sweating
What is COGNITIVE ANXIETY ?
anxiety experienced in the mind e.g. worrying about failing
What is the PEAK FLOW EXPERIENCE ?
an emotional response of an athlete who reaches their optimum performance level
What is RAS ?
maintains our arousal levels
What is COMPETITIVE ANXIETY ?
anxiety felt during competitive situations
- see book for four major factors
Trait Anxiety definition
A trait that is enduring in an individual. A person with high trait anxiety has the predisposition or potential to react to situations with apprehension
State Anxiety definition
An athlete’s emotional state at any given time
What is SCAT ?
a self-report questionnaire to assess the anxiety felt during a competition
Zone of Optimal functioning definition
An emotional response that facilitates top performance and is often referred to as the peak flow experience
Characteristics of ‘in the zone’
-Relaxed
-Confident
-Completely focused
-Effortless
-Movements are automatic
-Having fun
-Being in control
What is CUE UTILISATION ?
performer concentrating on certain cues that are relevant at that particular time
What is the INSTINCT THEORY OF AGGRESSION ?
- aggression is a natural response due to evolution
- it is an instinct
What is the FRUSTRATION-THEORY HYPOTHESIS ?
- frustration will always lead to aggression
-Any blocking of goals increases an individuals drive, thus increasing aggression and frustration
-If success follows, than aggression leads to catharsis
- aggression then leads to catharsis
What is the SOCIAL LEARNING THEORY for aggression ?
- aggression is learnt by watching others such as sporting role models
-Imitation of this aggressive behaviour is then reinforced by social acceptance
What is Aggressive Cue Hypothesis
-For aggression to occur, certain stimuli must be present
-These stimuli are cues for the performer that are subconsciously linked to aggression e.g baseball bat
What is ASSERTION ?
forceful behaviour within the laws of the game
What are some problems with the INSTINCT THEORY ?
- human aggression is often not spontaneous
- human aggression often learned
- too generalised
What are some problems with the FRUSTRATION-AGGRESSION THEORY ?
- frustration doesn’t always lead to aggression
What is SOCIAL FACILITATION ?
the positive influence of others, who may be watching a competition
What is SOCIAL INHIBITION ?
the negative influence of others, who may be watching a competition
What is EVALUATION APPREHENSION ?
when a performer feels their performance is being evaluated, their arousal levels increase
What is HOME FIELD ADVANTAGE ?
- teams win more when home
- home crowd
- known environment
contrast. ..
- performer feels more pressure being home
How does personality effect social facilitation ?
- type A perform worse with an audience
-Extroverts tend to perform better in front of a crowd
- extrovert seek high arousal situation so perform better with an audience
How do levels of experience effect social facilitation ?
- previous experience can aid performance unless an athlete previously failed in front of a crowd
- elite performers will do better because their dominant response will be correct
- crowd’s knowledge may increase evaluation apprehension
- knowing the crowd can increase anxiety
How does the type of skill effect social facilitation ?
- simple / gross do well with high arousal because they are easy to do
What are some strategies to minimise social inhibition ?
- try to shut out the audience
-Training with an audience present - mental imagery
- deep breathing
- self talk
What are the 4 stages of group forming
Forming
Storming
Norming
Performing
What happens in the forming stage
-High dependence on leader
-Group members getting to know each other
-Very little agreement on the aims of the team
-Individual roles unclear
What happens in the Storming stage
-Group decisions are difficult
-Team members are establishing themselves
What happens in the Norming stage
-Much more agreement
-Roles and responsibilities accepted
-Strong sense of commitment and unity
-Respect for leadership
What happens in the Performing stage
-All competing for a clear vision and aim
According to Carron(1980) what are the two dimensions of Team Cohesion
1.Group integration- how the individual members of the group feel about the group as a whole
2.Individual attraction to the group- how attracted the individuals are to the group
What did Steiner(1972) propose for group effectiveness
- Actual Productivity= potential productivity- losses due to faulty processes
-Losses due to faulty processes are caused by:
1.Co-ordination problems:if co-ordination and timing of team members do not mach
2.Motivational Problems
What is The Ringlemann Effect
-Occurs when individual performances decrease as group size increases due to Social Loafing
What is Social Loafing
Some individuals in a group seem to lose motivation. It is caused by the individual losing identity when placed in a group
Strategies to eliminate social loafing
-Highlighting individual performances
-Support from others in the team
-Feedback
-Peer pressure
What is ATTRIBUTION ?
- linked to motivation
- the REASONS / justifications we use for a RESULT in sport
Who invented the model of attribution ?
WEINER
What is LOCUS OF CAUSALITY ?
- two-dimensional model
- whether the attribution comes from within (INTERNAL) or the environment (EXTERNAL)
INTERNAL : STABLE
ABILITY
INTERNAL : UNSTABLE
EFFORT
EXTERNAL : STABLE
TASK DIFFICULTY
EXTERNAL : UNSTABLE
LUCK
What is SELF-SERVING BIAS ?
a person’s tendency to attribute their failure to external reason
Give an example self-serving bias ?
‘I lost the badminton match because the floor was too slippy’ - an excuse to explain their poor performance
What is CONTROLLABILITY ?
whether attributions are under the CONTROL of the PERFORMER or under the control of OTHERS, or whether they are UNCONTROLLABLE
What is LEARNED HELPLESSNESS ?
belief that FAILURE is INEVITABLE
What is SPECIFIC LEARNED HELPLESSNESS ?
occurs in particular situations ‘I am a hopeless football player’
What is GLOBAL LEARNED HELPLESSNESS ?
occurs in groups of situations ‘I am hopeless at all sport’
What is MASTERY ORIENTATION ?
- motivated by becoming an EXPERT
- associate failure to internal and unstable factors
What is ATTRIBUTION RETRAINING ?
- seeking to change LEARNED HELPLESSNESS into MASTERY ORIENTATION
What is SPORTS CONFIDENCE ?
- the BELIEF or degree of CERTAINTY individuals possess about their ABILITY to be SUCCESSFUL in sport
What is SELF-EFFICACY ?
the SELF-CONFIDENCE we have in SPECIFIC SITUATIONS
Give and example of self-efficacy
Badminton - i am good at a doubles serve but not a smash
What is SELF-ESTEEM ?
the feeling of SELF-WORTH that determines how VALUABLE and competent we feel
What is an SC - trait ?
an existing level of sport confidence
What is competitive orientation ?
an existing level of competitiveness
What is SC - state ?
the levels of SC-trait and competitive orientation
What is subjective perceptions of outcome ?
how someone interprets their performance in sport
What are the 4 stages of Bandura’s model of self-efficacy ?
- performance accomplishments
- vicarious experiences
- verbal persuasion
- emotional arousal
What is PERFORMANCE ACCOMPLISHMENTS ?
if success has been experienced in the past, especially if due to controllable factors then confidence is likely to be high
What are VICARIOUS EXPERIENCES ?
if we watch other peoples success we are more likely to have high self-efficacy
- as long as who we are watching are of similar standard
What is VERBAL PERSUASION ?
if we encouraged to try an activity our confidence may increase
What is EMOTIONAL AROUSAL ?
if we have effective strategies to control our arousal levels we are more likely to have high self-efficacy
