PAPER 2 - Learning Theories

Question 1

Define Operant Conditioning (Skinner)

Answer 1

Involves shaping the environment to manipulate behaviour and receiving rewards or reinforcement for these actions. It is commonly used in teaching motor skills and works on the principle that actions are made stronger by repititon

Question 2

What type of learning does operant conditioning support

Answer 2

Trial and error

Question 3

How can a coach accelerate the trial and error phase in operant conditioning

Answer 3

1. Make correct responses stronger
2. Re-direct incorrect responses

Question 4

What will positive reinforcement do for the performer in operant conditioning

Answer 4

Strengthen the S-R bond

Question 5

How can incorrect actions be weakened in operant conditioning

Answer 5

1. Use of negative reinforcement
2. Use punishment- e.g. running laps

Question 6

Sporing example of operant conditioning

Answer 6

A coach may direct the players to strike the ball into the right of the goal. If this is done they are rewarded. The area is then reduced to the top half of the right side, and then maybe the top right-hand corner only. Rewarding this behaviour strengthens the link.

Question 8

What are Thorndike’s Laws

Answer 8

1. Law of exercise- repeating or rehearsing S-R bonds is more likely to strengthen them
2. Law of effect- If the response is followed by a ‘satisfier’ then the S-R bond is strengthened. If it is followed by an ‘annoyer’ than the S-R bond is weakened
3. Law of readiness- the performer must be physically and mentally able to perform the skill