Paper 2 - Section B, Changing Economic World Flashcards
1
Q
What is the Demographic Transition Model
A
A model which describes how the population, birth and death rates as a country develops
2
Q
What is economic inequality
A
The difference in wealth between the richest 10% of a country’s population and the poorest 10%
3
Q
What does GNI per capita mean
A
The total amount of money earned by individuals or businesses divided by the population
4
Q
What is the human development index
A
A measurement of several indicators including life expectancy, inequality and education
5
Q
What is immigration
A
The movement of people from their home country to a new country of residence
6
Q
What is the infant mortality rate
A
The ratio of children under 5 years old that die compared to the total number of births
7
Q
What is quality of life
A
The standard of living of a person or a community, many factors can affect this like health, comfort and access to services
8
Q
What is social inequality
A
The difference in quality of life between the highest income family and the lowest income household
9
Q
What are examples of economic indicators
A
- GNI per capita
- Poverty line - the number of people earning less than $1.90 a day
10
Q
What are examples of social indicators
A
- life expectancy
- literacy rate
- infant mortality rate
- access to safe water
11
Q
What are examples of environmental indicators
A
- pollution levels - the volume of pollution in the air and water shows how wasteful a country is
- area of woodland/greenspace -the more open land a country has, the pleasant it is to live there
12
Q
What are the limitations to GNI (gross national income)
A
- data may not be collected accurately which makes data unreliable
- can become out of date quickly if countries experience big changes eg large scale migration
13
Q
What is the north-south divide globally and what are its limitations
A
- talks about the differences of development between the global north and economically poorer countries on the south
- problem: it is general and there are many differences in development between north and south
14
Q
What type of measure is standard of living
A
Economic measure, do people have enough money to live on
15
Q
What type of measurement is quality of life
A
Social measure, do people have a long and healthy life
16
Q
Describe stage 1 of the demographic transition model
A
- birth rates are high and fluctuating
- death rates are high and fluctuating
- population is low
- no development
17
Q
Describe stage 2 of the demographic transition model
A
- death rates begin to fall due to developments in health care and sanitation
- birth rates are still high due to people still having insecure lives and having large family’s can help them survive
- generates rapid population growth
18
Q
Describe stage 3 of the demographic transition model
A
- economic development, improved education and availability of contraceptions means families decide to have fewer children
- when women have jobs, makes sense to have fewer children so family can earn more and have better quality of life
- death rate falls more slowly and population grows, but not fast
19
Q
Describe stage 4 of the demographic transition model
A
- low birth rates and death rates
- large population but growth slow
- births and deaths are close in numbers but fluctuate
20
Q
Describe stage 5 of the demographic transition model
A
- birth rates fall below death rates
- population starts to decline
21
Q
Suggest one reason why increasing economic development means families decide to have fewer children
A
- children often asserts in countries with low economic development
- when people live in NEEs like Nigeria, the cost of raising and educating children rises
- so they decide to have fewer children so they can maintain higher standards of living and quality of life
22
Q
What are the physical factors leading to uneven development
A
Countries find it more difficult if they are:
- landlocked and can’t benefit from trade over seas
- suffer from natural hazards and don’t have the money to repair all the damage caused
- people are affected by tropical diseases and this affects their ability to work
23
Q
What are the economic factors to uneven development
A
Countries find it more difficult to develop when:
- global trade favours already developed countries
- they produce mainly primary products which don’t make much money
- they are in debt and have to spend money on interest payments rather than development
24
Q
What are the historical factors to uneven development
A
Countries find it harder to develop when:
- they were colonised by European countries in the 19th century and early 20th century, this means their economies were developed to produce raw materials for manufacturing in European countries
- they have long history of conflict, eg civil war within a country. Wars = no stability for economic development, refugee crisis and governments spending what money they have on soliders etc
25
What are the consequences of uneven development
- uneven wealth within countries
- international migration
26
How does uneven development cause international migration
- pull factors: gives people the incentive to move from a poorer country to richer countries where they can earn more and receive better quality health care and a higher quality
- push factors: tension from uneven development can cause crises and conflict, refugees could be escaping conflicts to find asylum
27
What is foreign direct investment
When companies in one country invest in companies in other countries eg China is a major investor in Africa
28
What are the advantages and disadvantages of foreign direct investment
+ reduces the development gap because it boosts a country’s industrial sector with money, new technologies and new markets, employment opportunities, infrastructure can be built which they couldn’t afford before
- the investments are designed to benefit the investing company most of all, exploits a countries resources, TNS accused of slave labour and sweat shops
29
What is emergency aid
- short-term aid
- for example to help a country recover from a natural disaster
30
What is development aid
- used to develop long-term projects eg immunising children against preventable diseases
31
What is bilateral aid
When one government sends aid to another government
32
What is multi lateral aid
When governments send aid to international organisations like the World Bank which then funds development projects
33
What are some examples which can help reduce the development gap
- intermediate technology
- fair trade
- debt relief
- micro finance loans
34
What is industrial development and what are the advantages and disadvantages
- when HICs build factories in LICs
- adv: creates positive multiplayer effect; jobs are created + tax for governments as more of the population has wages and that money can be invested in schools, roads + services etc
-dis: environmental impacts; increases water and air pollution from industrial processes, unpleasant working conditions, long hours + poor health and safety
35
What is an example of industrial development
Malaysia had rapid growth in wealth since 1970s due to development of natural resources
36
What are the advantages and disadvantages of using tourism to reduce the development gap
- adv: creates jobs for locals, can generate lots of income, can improve local businesses, skills up people
- dis: environmental degradation - beach and coral destroyed, overcrowding, if a country depends solely on tourism, if something like a pandemic happens, country looses their source of income = vulnerable
37
What are the advantages and disadvantages of using aid to reduce the development gap
- adv: provides money for new tech, can help after a natural disaster, can provide medical aid (like vaccinations) which allows people to work + earn more money
- dis: some aid is tied, countries can begin to rely heavily on aid, some loans have high interest rates which can put countries in even more debt, money could be going to corrupt governments
38
What is an example of using aid to reduce the development gap
- Goat aid by Oxfam, family’s are given goats which can be used for food (milk and meat), to farm and to sell
39
What are the advantages and disadvantages of using intermediate technology to reduce the development gap
- adv: cheap, sustainable, easy to maintain, suited for the skills of the people
- dis: small-scale so will only reduce the development gap slightly locally, won’t make that much of a difference
40
What is an example of using intermediate technology to reduce the development gap
- sand dams
- bicycles that can produce the power needed to remove the outer shell of a coffee bean
41
What are the advantages and disadvantages of using fair trade to reduce the development gap
- adv: farmer gets a fair price for their products so they can afford basic necessities, positive multiplyer effect, part of the price is invested into local communities
- dis: people not part of fair trade could become more vulnerable to getting exploited more, fair trade products cost more to consumers so people might just choose not to buy fair trade
42
What is an example of using fair trade to reduce the development gap
- Ugandan coffee farmers, fair trade premium helps workers pay for their children’s education
43
What are the advantages and disadvantages of using debt relief to reduce the development gap
- adv: more money can be used for the country to develop further eg education, healthcare + infrastructure
- dis: only 19 heavily indebted poor countries (HIPC) had their debt cancelled in 2006, African countries still owe vast amounts of debt
44
What is an example of using debt relief to reduce the development gap
- Uganda improved water systems so that 2 million people had safe water
45
What are the advantages and disadvantages of using micro finance schemes to reduce the development gap
- adv: allows people who wouldn’t usually be allowed loans to access them, small businesses can be set up because of the loans allowing people to make money = positive multiplier effect
- dis: small-scale, it would take a long time to see a change nationally, businesses might not always thrive
46
What is an example of using micro finance schemes to reduce the development gap
- Grameen Bank, Bangladesh have low interest rates and the loans are usually less than $100
47
How has the growth of tourism in Jamaica reduced the development gap
- income from tourism raises over US$2 billion a year
- creates 200,000 jobs for people in hotels, shops, transport etc
- improved infrastructure to support the tourism eg new port and cruise liner facilities at Trelawney
- improved water treatment programmes, sustainable ecotourism, built nature parks
48
What is Nigeria’s global importance
- ranked the 27th largest economy (2020)
- a diverse economy
49
What is Nigeria’s regional importance
- largest population of any African country
- one of the fastest growing economies in Africa
50
Where is Nigeria located
West Africa next to Chad and Cameroon and Niger
51
What is Nigeria’s political background
- former Uk colony that gained independence in 1960
- political instability and civil war after independence
- stable government since 1999
52
What is Nigeria’s social background
- multi-ethnic and multi-faith country
- more recent religious and ethnic tensions (the Islamic group Boko Haram) have destabilised the economy
53
What is the cultural background of Nigeria
- large film industry, Nollywood
- sport: won the African cup of nations three times
- music: Fela Kuti
54
What is Nigeria’s environmental background
- 14% of rainforest lost from 2005-2020
- natural environment ranges from TRF in the south to semi-desert in the north
55
How is Nigeria’s industrial structure changing
- employment in agriculture (primary sector) is declining due to increased mechanisation and rural-urban migration
- manufacturing (secondary sector) is growing rapidly
- there is rapid growth of communications, retail and finance (tertiary sector - services)
56
How much % does oil and gas account for Nigeria’s export earnings
90%
57
How has manufacturing stimulated growth in economic development in Nigeria
- positive multiplier effect
- providing regular, secure incomes and therefore tax revenues
- using oil for chemical industries, eg plastics and detergents
58
What are the advantages of TNCs in Nigeria
- provides employment, training and development of new skills
- invest in local infrastructure, services and education
- stimulate multiplier effect (supplying industries)
- their revenues earn the government income from export tax
59
What are the disadvantages of TNCs in Nigeria
- working conditions may be poor and badly regulated
- wages may be low
- environmental damages are caused
- most of the profits go abroad
60
What benefits has the TNC shell oil brought to Nigeria
- makes major contributions to taxes and export revenues
- provides direct employment for 65,000 Nigerian workers
- invested in health care, education and renewable energy projects
- gives contracts to Nigerian companies
61
What are the disadvantages of the TNC shell oil in Nigeria
- oil spills have caused water pollution and soil degradation, reducing agricultural yields
- frequent oil flares send toxic fumes into the air
- production is lost through sabotage and theft
62
Why does Nigeria still receive international aid
- poverty remains common in Nigeria
- birth rates and infant mortality rates are high and life expectancy is low
- many have limited access to services like safe water, sanitation and reliable energy source
63
What is an example of the aid Nigeria receives
The NGO Nets For Life provides education on malaria prevention and distributes anti-mosquito nets to many households
64
What impacts does aid have in Nigeria
- aid from the USA helps to educate people against the spread of AIDS/HIV
- World Bank approved US$500 million to fund development projects and provide long-term loans for businesses
65
What prevents aid being used effectively
- corruption in the government is a major factor of loss in aid
- donors may have political influence over what happens to aid
- the government may divert money to be used for other purposes eg claims that aid being used to build up Nigerias Navy
66
What are the environmental impacts of industrial growth in Nigeria
- some industries dispose of chemical waste on nearby land threatening groundwater quality
- industrial chimneys emit poisonous gases that can cause health problems in humans
- In Lagos, many harmful pollutants go directly into open drains and water channels which can damage ecosystems downstream
- deforestation is a major issue
67
What are the environmental impacts of urban growth in Nigeria
- squatter settlements are common
- waste disposal has become a massive issue, rubbish is just dumped on roadside
- traffic congestion is a major problem —> air pollution
68
What are the environmental impacts of commercial farming and deforestation in Nigeria
- land degradation
- water pollution due to chemicals, soil erosion and silting of river beds
- building of roads and settlements have destroyed habitats and increased carbon dioxide emissions
- many species have disappeared like cheetahs
69
What are the environmental impacts of mining and oil extraction in Nigeria
- tin mining led to soil erosion, local water supplies were polluted with toxic chemicals
- many oil spills in Niger Delta can cause fires (CO2 into air) which can cause acid rain
- destroyed marine and freshwater ecosystems
70
What is an example of oil spill in Nigeria
Bodo oil spills 2008, devastated livelihoods of thousands of farmers and fishermen
71
How has the quality of life for people in Nigeria improved
- better access to safe water and sanitation
- improvements to infrastructure like roads
- better quality health care with more doctors and better-equipped hospitals
- reliable better paid jobs in manufacturing industries or services
72
How has the UK’s economy changed
Due to deindustrialisation, growing wealth (people have more money to spend on goods and services) , globalisation (more connected world which increases movements of goods and people) and government policies
73
What is the primary sector
Gathering raw materials (mining, fishing and agriculture)
74
What is the secondary sector
Manufacturing goods, construction and factories
75
What is the tertiary sector
Services like hairdressers, hospitality, financial advisers
76
What is the quaternary sector
Research and development
77
What are the benefits of science parks being next to universities
+ skilled graduates can be employed
+ nice green sites
+ excellent travel links near universities
+ research facilities can be used
78
What is the name of the science park in York
York science park
79
What is an example of a company in York science park
Clear sky medical diagnostics - a developer of medical devices to diagnose, differentiate and monitor a range of neurological disorders like Parkinson’s
80
What is a science park
A group of scientific + technological based businesses set up on a site
81
What is a business park
Businesses clustered together on a single site usually on the edge of a town
82
What is the name of the business park in York
York business park, nether Poppleton
83
What are the advantages for businesses locating at a business park
- land is usually cheaper, gives businesses room to expand
- easily accessible as they are usually on the edge of town, near motorways
- well linked to main roads
- businesses work close together due to being clustered
84
What are the potential environmental impacts of traditional manufacturing processes
1. Noise pollution - quarrying is very noisy, blast with TNT
2. Water pollution - in the North Sea there are oil spills, power stations release warm water into river etc which can cause thermal stress to an ecosystem
3. Contaminates the soil - steel and other heavy industry metal contaminate the soil, lead + mercury —> poisons ecosystems
4. Add to landfill - industry creates a lot of waste that ends up in landfill
5. Climate change - burning of fossil fuels releases greenhouse gases
85
What is the environmentally sustainable tomato farm called
Cornerways Tomato Nursery, Norfolk
86
How is conerways tomato nursery environmentally sustainable
1. Sugar beet pulp is turned into animal feed which reduces the amount of waste that ends up in landfill
2. Carbon dioxide captured from the combined heat and power plant and is piped into the greenhouse to increase the level of CO2 so the tomato’s can increase the rate of photosynthesis to boost their growth
3. Hot water produced by the combined heat and power plant is piped into the greenhouse to keep the temp in the greenhouse at optimum temperature no matter what time of year
87
What does the combined heat and power plant do in conerways tomato nursery do
Generate electricity
88
What are the two contrasting rural areas in the Uk called
South Cambridgeshire which is experiencing population growth
Outer Hebrides is experiencing a decline is population
89
Why is South Cambridgeshire experiencing population growth
Migration from cities like London and Cambridge to a more rural area away from the cities
90
Why is the Outer Hebrides experiencing a decline in population
Due to limited opportunities for young people, people are moving away for better paid jobs
91
What are the economic impacts of population growth in South Cambridgeshire
- a reduction in agricultural employment
- lack of affordable housing, harder for young people who have grown up there to afford a house
- have the highest petrol prices in the Uk
- increasing number of migrants puts pressure on existing services like schools and doctors
92
What are the social impacts of population growth in South Cambridgeshire
- increased traffic congestion on narrow roads
- modern developments on edges of collages and abandonment of farming can lead to break down of community spirit
- young people cannot afford house prices
93
What are the economic impacts of population decline in the Outer Hebrides
- struggle to maintain economy; fishing, tourism and farming industries have all significantly declined
- many services like post offices are shutting due to struggle to maintain economy
94
What are the social impacts of population decline in the Outer Hebrides
- number of school children meant to fall so may result in closure of schools
- many young people move away so there will be less people of the working age
- increasing ageing population with few young people may lead to care issues in the future
95
What do improvements to Uk transport enable
- UK’s economy to grow and develop
- affects employment and regional growth
96
How are roads being improved in the Uk
- more lanes are added onto main motorways like the M25 to turn them into smart motorways improving links between London, Birmingham and the North
- £15 billion road investment scheme to increase the capacity and condition of Uk roads
97
How are railways being improved in the Uk
- electrification of the Trans-Pennine Express Railway between Manchester and York reducing journey time to stimulate economic growth in the North
- there was the HS2 project to connect the South to the North with a high speed rail line but only from London to Birmingham causing more small scale projects in the North
98
How are the UK’s ports being developed
Liverpool2: a new container is being constructed at the Port of Liverpool to double the ports capacity, create thousands of jobs, boost the economy in the North-west and reduce the amount of freight traffic on the roads
99
How are UK’s airports being developed
Plans to expand either Gatwick or Heathrow airport: a new runway at Heathrow, increasing the length of one of the existing runways or constructing a new runway at Gatwick
- this is predicted to create more jobs and make more money for the Uk as Heathrow is one of the worlds major airports
100
What are the difference between the North and South
- The North is heavily dependent on the public sector whether as the south is private sector dominant
- the north has lower average household gross disposable income and benefits make up a higher proportion of incomes compared to the north which has a higher average household gross disposable income
- The north has a lower life expectancy compared to the south
- pupils in the south are 40% more likely to achieve top GCSE grades
101
What are the strategies to resolve the North-South divide
1. Improve transport links between places like motorway developments and railway improvements
2. Invest in science and innovation, BBC’s media city moved to Salford, Manchester which has led to the positive multiplier effect like other companies locating nearby
3. Devolve the powers of government, Cities would get their own deals and elected mayors to make more local decisions more suitable for that area eg Manchester has a mayor, Andy Burnham
102
What is the UK’s political influence in the wider world
- part of G7 (informal grouping of advanced democracies)
- Uk is member of UN Security Council (permanent member)
- part of NATO (security alliance of 30 countries from North America and Europe)
- part of G20 - more diverse group which meet to discuss global economy
- left EU - Brexit 2020, trade is more trickier in Europe and more expensive
103
What is the UK’s transport connections in the wider world
- Heathrow is a hub airport where people transfer between flights
- travel has become more complicated since Brexit and Covid (flights have only just gone back to normal)
- concerns over climate change may affect decisions to travel
104
What is the UK’s trading partners in the wider world
- Brexit has negatively affected trade with European countries
- USA + China are increasing important trade partners
105
What are the UK’s top trade partners for exported goods
- Switzerland
- USA
- Germany
- China
106
What are the UK’s top trade partners for imported goods
- Germany
- USA
- China
- Netherlands
107
What is the UK’s cultural influence in the wider world
- the royal family
- Harry Potter
- the beetles
- banksy
108
What is the UK’s electronic communications in the wider world
- submarine cables transport 99% of international data, Uk is the focus of these cables
- business travels through cables
109
What is the UK’s commonwealth like in the wider world
- creates links between British empire colonies
- Uk has supported the commonwealths efforts to promote democracy, human rights and rule of law
- commonwealth has ‘Friendly games’ every 4 years
- gives development aid and major trade deals
