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Physics > Paper 2 Practicals > Flashcards

Paper 2 Practicals Flashcards

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1
Q

What equipment is needed for testing the elasticity of a spring?

A

Clamp stand, 2 bosses, 2 clamps
- place heavy weight on clamp stand to stop it falling over

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2
Q

What is the practical to test the elasticity of a spring?

A
  • Place heavy weight on clamp stand to stop it falling over
  • Attach a string to one clamp and a meter ruler to the other, making sure the top of the string is at the ZERO mark of the ruler + the ruler is VERTICAL (for accuracy)
  • horizontal pointer attached to the bottom of the spring (ie wooden splint), helps accuracy
  • read initial position of pointer on the ruler (unstretched length with 0 force)
  • hang 1N force off the end of the spring + read new measurement off the ruler
  • continue adding 1N weights + reading measurement of the pointer
  • Calculate extension of string by each weight by subtracting the initial extension with 0N
  • plot extension against weight in a graph
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3
Q

What is the practical to figure out the weight of a stone/an unknown object’s weight?

A
  • Place heavy weight on clamp stand to stop it falling over
  • Attach a spring to one clamp and a meter ruler to the other, making sure the top of the spring is at the ZERO mark of the ruler + the ruler is VERTICAL (for accuracy)
  • horizontal pointer attached to the bottom of the spring (ie wooden splint), helps accuracy
  • read initial position of pointer on the ruler (unstretched length with 0 force)
  • hang 1N force off the end of the spring + read new measurement off the ruler
  • continue adding 1N weights + reading measurement of the pointer
  • Calculate extension of spring by each weight by subtracting the initial extension with 0N
  • plot extension against weight in a graph
  • measure the extension of the spring with the unknown object hanging off it
  • ## read the weight of the stone from the graph
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4
Q

What does the Extension/Weight graph look like?

A

Extension is directly proportional to Weight
- Straight line through the origin
- linear relationship

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5
Q

What if too much weight was added to the spring?

A
  • the relationship/graph between extension and weight would become non linear
  • this is because the string has become overstretched-> inelastic deformation (if there was no weight, the spring would still show an extension)
  • EXCEEDED THE LIMIT OF PROPORTIONALITY
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6
Q

How can you find the spring constant?

A

F=k x e
- divide the weight at any point by the extension at that same point
- same for any part of the graph as long as the limit of proportionality is not succeded

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7
Q

How do you investigate the effect of a changing force on the acceleration of an object?

A
  • attach a toy car to a string, which on one end is looped around a pulley, and the other is attached to a 100g mass (weight provides force)
  • place this on a desk with chalk lines at 10cm intervals/equal intervals
  • hold toy car at 0cm/start point, start the timer when letting go
  • As the car accelerates along the bench, record the time the car passes each intervallic mark
  • Repeat the experiment several times, decreasing the mass on the end of the string each time
  • Overall mass is constant, including mass of the car, string and the weights. So when taking the mass of the end of the string, it is placed onto the toy car to keep the mass constant for the experiment
  • F=ma: acceleration is proportional to the mass at the end of the string
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8
Q

As the car accelerates, how can you make recording the time the car passes each intervallic mark accurately?

A

Video the car accelerating on a phone, and play the video back to record the times accurately

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9
Q

How do you investigate how a changing mass of an object affects acceleration with a constant force?

A
  • attach a toy car to a string, which on one end is looped around a pulley, and the other is attached to a 100g mass (weight provides force)
  • place this on a desk with chalk lines at 10cm intervals/equal intervals
  • attach a mass to the toy car (ie 200g)
  • hold toy car at 0cm/start point, start the timer when letting go
  • As the car accelerates along the bench, record the time the car passes each intervallic mark
  • Repeat the experiment, increasing the mass attached to the toy car
  • a=F/m: increasing the mass, decreases the acceleration
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10
Q

Describe the set up of a ripple tank to measure the wavelength, speed and frequency of water waves?

A
  • place a vibrating bar connected to a power pack into a ripple tank. Place a lamp above the tank and a white piece of paper below
  • When the bar vibrates it creates waves across the water surface, and the light from the lamp creates an image of the waves on the piece of paper
  • Record the waves on a device/phone
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11
Q

Describe how to use a ripple tank to measure the wavelength of water waves?

A
  • place a ruler on the paper and freeze the image of the waves on the paper
  • measure the distance between 1 wave and 10 waves along, so 10 wavelengths
  • divide distance by 10 to find 1 wavelength (m)
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12
Q

Describe how to use a ripple tank to measure the frequency of water waves?

A
  • Place a timer next to the paper
  • Count the number of waves passing a point in 10 seconds, then divide by 10 to find the frequency (Hz)
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13
Q

Describe the set up of a ripple tank to measure the speed of water waves?

A
  • Use the equipment to work out the frequency and wavelength of the waves
  • use the wave speed equation (wave speed= frequency x wavelength) to determine the speed

OR

  • select a wave
  • measure the time it takes to travel the length of the tank
  • ## speed= distance/time
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14
Q

Describe how to measure speed of waves in a solid?

A
  • attach a string to both a vibration generator and a hanging mass, keeping the string taut. This is held up by a wooden bridge and a pulley.
  • The vibration generator is attached to a signal generator, which changes the frequency of the vibration of the string when connected to power.
  • At a certain frequency, a standing wave is produced due to resonance
  • Measure the wavelength of the standing wave with a ruler, between the wooden bridge and vibration generator
  • Use wave speed equation to calculate the speed of the wave, reading frequency from the signal generator.
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15
Q

Describe what happens if the frequency of a standing wave is increased, and how to calculate wavelength?

A
  • become half wavelengths
  • to calculate wavelength, divide total length between wooden bridge and vibration generator by number of half wavelengths, then multiply by 2.
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16
Q
A
17
Q

Where can standing waves be found?

A

In stringed musical instruments (ie guitar)

18
Q

Describe the investigation of reflection of light by different types of surface?

A
  • Take a ray box, lens and slit, producing a narrow ray of light
  • Take a A3 piece of paper and draw a straight line down the middle
  • Use a protractor to draw a line at right angles, called the NORMAL
  • Place a glass box along the line so that the normal is near the centre of the block
  • Draw around the glass block
  • Turn off all the lights
  • Use the ray box to direct a ray of light so it hits the block at the normal, called the INCIDENT RAY. This creates an angle of incidence between the normal and the incidence ray
  • Now adjust the ray box to change the angle of incidence
  • At a certain angle, a reflected ray (on the same side) is visible, as well as a transmitted ray (coming out of the box) on the other side.
  • Mark the path of the incidence ray, the reflected ray and the transmitted ray with crosses
  • Now turn on the lights and turn off the ray box, and remove the glass block
  • draw in the incidence and reflected ray, and draw the transmitted ray so it meets the position of the block
  • Draw a line from the normal to the transmitted ray to show the path of the ray through the glass block
  • Use a protractor to measure the angle of incidence, angle of reflection and the angle of refraction
  • Repeat the experiment, using a block made from a different material (ie Perspex plastic)
19
Q

What is the angle between the incident ray and the normal called?

A

The angle of incidence

20
Q

What is the angle between the reflected ray and the normal called?

A

The angle of reflection

21
Q

What is the angle between the normal and the path of the transmitted ray through the block called?

A

The angle of refraction

22
Q

What is the conclusion of the investigation of reflection of light by different types of surface?

A

The angle of incidence and the angle of reflection is the same for glass and Perspex
- the angles don’t depend on the material
- HOWEVER, angle of refraction will change-> it changes/depends on the material

23
Q

Why should you switch ray boxes off when they aren’t in use?

A

As they get hot easily

24
Q

Describe the investigation on how much infrared radiation is radiated by different surfaces?

A
  • Leslie’s cube: 4 different surfaces-> shiny metallic, white, shiny black, matte black
  • Fill Leslie’s cube with hot water
  • Point infrared detector at each surface, record amount of infrared emitted, keeping the same distance between the Leslie’s cube and the detector (makes measurements repeatable)
  • Findings: Matte black= most emitting, shiny black, white, Shiny metallic= least emitting
25
Q

Instead of an infrared detector, what else can be used to measure the amount of radiation radiated by different surfaces?

A

A thermometer with a bulb painted black
- resolution is less than the detector
-

26
Q

Describe the investigation on how much infrared radiation is absorbed by different surfaces?

A
  • Place an infrared heater in between 2 metal plates. One painted with shiny metallic paint, the other with matt black paint, using vaseline to attach a drawing pin to the other sides of the plates
  • Start the timer and switch on the heater
  • Temperature of plates increases as they absorb infrared, So record the time it takes for the vaseline to melt and the drawing pin to fall off
    Findings: drawing pin falls off matt black first->absorbs more infrared than shiny metallic surfaces
27
Q

What is the overall conclusion about the best surface at emitting and absorbing infrared?

A

Matte black is much better at emitting and absorbing infrared than shiny metallic surfaces
- shiny metallic tend to reflect infrared

Physics (18 decks)

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