paper 2 p2

Question 1

What are chromosomes?

Answer 1

Long molecules of DNA

Question 2

What is DNA?

Answer 2

The chemical that all of the genetic material in a cell is made up of

Question 3

What does DNA contain?

Answer 3

All the instructions to put together an organism and make it work.

Question 4

What is a DNA molecule made up of?

Answer 4

Two strands of DNA coiled together called a double helix.

Question 5

What is a DNA strand?

Answer 5

A polymer

Question 6

What is a polymer?

Answer 6

Something made up of lots of smaller pieces joined together.

Question 7

Where is DNA found in plant and animal cells?

Answer 7

The nucleus

Question 8

What are chromosomes?

Answer 8

Long structures of DNA

Question 9

What is a gene?

Answer 9

A small section of DNA found on a chromosome

Question 10

What does each gene have a code for?

Answer 10

A particular sequence of amino acids

Question 11

What does genome mean?

Answer 11

It is all the genetic material in an organism

Question 12

Why is understanding the human genome important for medicine?

Answer 12

• find genes linked to diseases
• linked to inherited diseases
• to learn about migration over time

Question 13

How are gametes (sperm and egg) produced?

Answer 13

Meiosis

Question 14

How does asexual reproduction happen?

Answer 14

Mitosis

Question 15

What is mitosis

Answer 15

One parent cell dividing into 2

Question 16

How many pairs of chromosomes are in every body cell?

Answer 16

23

Question 17

What is a mutation?

Answer 17

A random change in an organisms DNA that can be inherited.

Question 18

What is a phenotype?

Answer 18

The characteristics you see.

Question 19

What is the genotype?

Answer 19

The actual genes it has.

Question 20

What are antibiotics?

Answer 20

Drugs that kill bacteria

Question 21

Why is antibiotic resistant bacteria a problem?

Answer 21

People aren’t immune to it. No effective treatments.

Question 22

Why is antibiotic resistance getting worse?

Answer 22

Overuse of antibiotics and them not being used properly.

Question 23

What is selective breeding?

Answer 23

When humans choose what plant or animal they are going to breed

Question 24

Why is selectively breeding used?

Answer 24

To make it more attractive or useful

Question 25

What is genetic engineering?

Answer 25

Changing an organisms DNA

Question 26

What does genetic engineering involve?

Answer 26

Cutting a gene out of one organism and putting it into another

Question 27

What are fossils?

Answer 27

The remains of organisms from thousands of years ago

Question 28

What can fossils show us?

Answer 28

Evolution

Question 29

Fossils ; describe gradual replacement by minerals

Answer 29

Things like teeth, bones and shells don’t decay easily.
This means they can last a long time when buried.
When they do decay they can get replaced by minerals.
This forms a rock like substance shaped like the original hard part.

Question 30

Fossils ; describe casts and impressions

Answer 30

Formed when an organism is buried in a soft material like clay.
The clay hardens around the organism as it decays. This leaves a cast.
Impressions is when something like a footprint is pressed into a soft material. This hardens leaving the impression

Question 31

Fossils ; describe preservation in places where no decay happens

Answer 31

If there’s no oxygen, moisture or warmth decay can’t happen. For example in amber.

Question 32

what is classification?

Answer 32

Organising living organisms into groups

Question 33

How are organisms classified?

Answer 33

Into 5 kingdoms

Question 34

What are the 5 kingdoms?

Answer 34

Animals, plants, fungi, prokaryotes and protists

Question 35

What are the smaller groups of the kingdoms?

Answer 35

Phylum, class, order, family, genus, species.

Question 36

Who came up with the 5 kingdoms classification system?

Answer 36

Carl Linnaeus