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Biology > infection and response part 1 > Flashcards

infection and response part 1 Flashcards

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1
Q

Antibiotics only treat what type of infection

A

bacterial

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2
Q

Why won’t a doctor prescribe antibiotics for viral infections

A

They don’t work.

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3
Q

Symptoms include…

A

fever, muscle ache, head ache, cold

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4
Q

What can be used to relieve symptoms

A

painkillers and steroids

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5
Q

What do the pathogens create that make us feel ill

A

toxins

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6
Q

How do white blood cells (phagocytes) get rid of pathogens

A

they engulf them and digest them

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7
Q

what is white blood cells ‘working’ called

A

phagocytosis

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8
Q

What do the white blood cells, lymphocytes, do?

A

identify the antigen on the pathogen and make the specific antibody to destroy them.

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9
Q

What do wbc release to neutralize the effect of the toxin?

A

they release specific antitoxins

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10
Q

Symptoms of measles include..

A

fever and red skin rash

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11
Q

How’s measles spread

A

inhaling droplets containing the virus (sneezes and coughs)

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12
Q

How can measles be controlled

A

vaccinating young children

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13
Q

HIv is spread by

A

sexual contact of exchange of bodily fluid

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14
Q

How does HIV need to be controlled

A

Antiretroviral drugs

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15
Q

When does late stage HIV or AIDS occur

A

when the body can no longerdeal with other infections`

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16
Q

what does HIV do

A

attacks and weakens immune system

17
Q

Salmonella is spread by…

A

bacteria

18
Q

Symptoms of salmonella include…

A

fever, abdominal cramps, diarrhoea and vomiting

19
Q

how is salmonella controlled

A

chickens are viccinated

20
Q

gororrhoea is spread by

A

bacteria

21
Q

symptoms of gonorrhoea

A

thick yellow or green discharge and pain while urinating

22
Q

gonorrhoea controlled with

A

antibiotics and barrier methods

23
Q

What are pathogens?

A

They are micro organisms that cause infectious disease.

24
Q

What do pathogens infect and how are they spread?

A

Animals and plants and through water, air or direct contact.

25
Q

What do pathogens depend on for life?

A

The host to provide the suitable conditions and nutrients that they need to grow and reproduce.

26
Q

Name the 4 types of pathogen

A

bacteria, viruses, fungi or protists.

27
Q

Virus - what they do

A

Viruses may reproduce rapidly

Viruses live and reproduce inside cells causing damage

28
Q

Bacteria - how they make us feel ill

A

Bacteria may reproduce rapidly

Bacteria may produce toxins that damage tissues and make us feel ill

29
Q

How does tobacco mosaic virus enter a plant?

A

Through a damaged epidermis.

30
Q

What does tobacco mosaic virus affect?

A

The growth and photosynthesis

31
Q

How can you control tobacco mosaic virus?

A

removing affected leaves and destroying pests

32
Q

What type of disease is tobacco mosaic virus?

A

Viral

33
Q

Give 4 examples of human defence systems

A
  • Nasal hairs, sticky mucus and cilia prevent pathogens entering through the nostrils.
  • Respiratory system is lined with mucus to trap dust and pathogens. Cilia move the mucus upwards to be swallowed.
  • Stomach acid (pH1) kills most ingested pathogens
  • skin Hard to penetrate waterproof barrier. Glands secrete oil which kill microbes.
34
Q

What are the surface proteins on pathogens called?

A

Antigens

35
Q

What do phagocytes do?

A

engulf the pathogens and digest them

36
Q

What do lymphocytes do?

A

identify the antigen on the pathogen. They make specific antibodies to destroy the pathogens. This can take time and so an infection may occur. If a person is infected again by the same pathogen, the white blood cells make the antibodies much faster.

37
Q

White blood cells release what to do what to the effect of the toxins

A

White blood cells release specific antitoxins to neutralise the effect of the toxin.

38
Q

What does a vaccination contain?

A

a small amount of dead or inactive form of the pathogen that can be introduced into the body.

39
Q

What is an antibiotic?

A

a drug that helps to cure a bacterial disease by killing the infective bacteria inside the body.

Biology (11 decks)

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