infection and response part 1 Flashcards
Antibiotics only treat what type of infection
bacterial
Why won’t a doctor prescribe antibiotics for viral infections
They don’t work.
Symptoms include…
fever, muscle ache, head ache, cold
What can be used to relieve symptoms
painkillers and steroids
What do the pathogens create that make us feel ill
toxins
How do white blood cells (phagocytes) get rid of pathogens
they engulf them and digest them
what is white blood cells ‘working’ called
phagocytosis
What do the white blood cells, lymphocytes, do?
identify the antigen on the pathogen and make the specific antibody to destroy them.
What do wbc release to neutralize the effect of the toxin?
they release specific antitoxins
Symptoms of measles include..
fever and red skin rash
How’s measles spread
inhaling droplets containing the virus (sneezes and coughs)
How can measles be controlled
vaccinating young children
HIv is spread by
sexual contact of exchange of bodily fluid
How does HIV need to be controlled
Antiretroviral drugs
When does late stage HIV or AIDS occur
when the body can no longerdeal with other infections`
what does HIV do
attacks and weakens immune system
Salmonella is spread by…
bacteria
Symptoms of salmonella include…
fever, abdominal cramps, diarrhoea and vomiting
how is salmonella controlled
chickens are viccinated
gororrhoea is spread by
bacteria
symptoms of gonorrhoea
thick yellow or green discharge and pain while urinating
gonorrhoea controlled with
antibiotics and barrier methods
What are pathogens?
They are micro organisms that cause infectious disease.
What do pathogens infect and how are they spread?
Animals and plants and through water, air or direct contact.
What do pathogens depend on for life?
The host to provide the suitable conditions and nutrients that they need to grow and reproduce.
Name the 4 types of pathogen
bacteria, viruses, fungi or protists.
Virus - what they do
Viruses may reproduce rapidly
Viruses live and reproduce inside cells causing damage
Bacteria - how they make us feel ill
Bacteria may reproduce rapidly
Bacteria may produce toxins that damage tissues and make us feel ill
How does tobacco mosaic virus enter a plant?
Through a damaged epidermis.
What does tobacco mosaic virus affect?
The growth and photosynthesis
How can you control tobacco mosaic virus?
removing affected leaves and destroying pests
What type of disease is tobacco mosaic virus?
Viral
Give 4 examples of human defence systems
- Nasal hairs, sticky mucus and cilia prevent pathogens entering through the nostrils.
- Respiratory system is lined with mucus to trap dust and pathogens. Cilia move the mucus upwards to be swallowed.
- Stomach acid (pH1) kills most ingested pathogens
- skin Hard to penetrate waterproof barrier. Glands secrete oil which kill microbes.
What are the surface proteins on pathogens called?
Antigens
What do phagocytes do?
engulf the pathogens and digest them
What do lymphocytes do?
identify the antigen on the pathogen. They make specific antibodies to destroy the pathogens. This can take time and so an infection may occur. If a person is infected again by the same pathogen, the white blood cells make the antibodies much faster.
White blood cells release what to do what to the effect of the toxins
White blood cells release specific antitoxins to neutralise the effect of the toxin.
What does a vaccination contain?
a small amount of dead or inactive form of the pathogen that can be introduced into the body.
What is an antibiotic?
a drug that helps to cure a bacterial disease by killing the infective bacteria inside the body.
