everything Flashcards
Where is amylase released?
salivary glands
What does amylase break down?
Starch
Where is protease released?
Stomach, pancreas and small intestine
What does protease break down?
protein
Where is lipase produced?
Pancreas
What does lipase break down?
Lipids
What biological molecule are enzymes made of?
proteins
What is the active site of an enzyme?
the region of an enzyme where substrate molecules bind and undergo a chemical reaction.
What is a substrate?
A substrate is a molecule acted upon by an enzyme.
What are the products of digestion used for in the body?
Glucose is used for respiration
What does denatured mean?
When an enzyme is denatured its active site will have changed and will not be effective due to high pH or temperature.
How does increasing the temperature affect enzyme activity?
It was increase the rate of reaction until at a certain point the enzymes will denature
How does pH affect enzyme activity?
Changing the pH of its surroundings will also change the shape of the active site of an enzyme.
What is the role of bile in digestion?
Bile makes it easier to break down fatty material.
Where in the body is bile made?
The gall bladder
What is a double circulatory system?
This means we have two loops in our body in which blood circulates.
What is a pacemaker?
a device for stimulating the heart muscle and regulating its contractions.
What is the role of the coronary arteries?
Coronary arteries supply blood to the heart muscle.
Where does the left atrium pump blood to?
the left ventricle
Where does gas exchange take place in the lungs?
alveoli
Name the gas that moves from the blood into the lungs.
carbon dioxide
Name the blood vessels that carry blood away from the heart.
Arteries
Which blood vessels are only one cell thick?
capillaries
Which blood vessels have thick muscular walls?
Arteries
Which blood vessels have valves?
Veins
What is plasma?
It carries the blood components, hormones, nutrients and waste.
What is the role of a red blood cell?
They carry oxygen
In what two ways can white blood cells fight infection?
They engulf pathogens or produce antibodies
What is the role of platelets?
To form blood clots to stop bleeding
What is coronary heart disease?
a disease that narrows the arteries
What are the risk factors for coronary heart disease?
high blood pressure, high cholesterol, tobacco use, diabetes, a strong family history of heart disease or obesity
What is a stent?
a tube shaped device that keeps your arteries open
What are statins?
Medicine that lowers cholesterol
What is the role of heart valves?
To stop blood flowing the wrong way
Give two faults that can occur with heart valves.
They can be leaky or not open fully
What treatment can be given to a person with faulty heart valves?
heart transplant, valve replacement
Name three conditions that can lead to heart failure.
high blood pressure, leaky valves, obesity
Define the word health.
the state of being free from illness or injury.
What are communicable diseases?
Diseases that spread
What are non-communicable diseases?
diseases that don’t spread
Name 4 ways that different types of disease can interact to make a person ill.
bacteria, protozoa, virus, fungi
List some human costs of non-communicable diseases.
very expensive, causes misery for carers and persons
List some financial costs of non-communicable diseases.
having to pay for treatment and care
Name two other risk factors that affect health.
underweight, unsafe sex, high blood pressure, tobacco and alcohol consumption, and unsafe water, sanitation and hygiene.
What are the risk factors for cardio vascular disease?
Smoking. cholesterol. (high blood pressure) Physical inactivity. Obesity. Uncontrolled diabetes. Uncontrolled stress and anger
What is a risk factor for Type 2 diabetes?
High blood pressure, overweight
How does alcohol cause liver disease?
Too much alcohol causes destruction of liver cells, which results in scarring of the liver.
What does alcohol damage in the brain?
The neurons
What is COPD?
Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease
Give two examples of COPD.
Chronic bronchitis, which involves a long-term cough with mucus
Emphysema, which involves damage to the lungs over time
What is the main cause of COPD?
smoking
What is the biggest risk factor for lung cancer?
Smoking
What are the symptoms of lung cancer?
Prolonged coughing, chest infections, coughing up blood, persistent breathlessness, lack of energy, weight loss
What are the risks of smoking while pregnant?
increases the risk of health problems for developing babies
What is the risk of heavy drinking throughout pregnancy?
increase the risk of problems such as miscarriage
What is a carcinogen?
a carcinogen is any substance or agent that promotes cancer
How can carcinogens cause cancer?
Carcinogens may cause cancer by altering cellular metabolism or damaging DNA directly in cells, which interferes with normal biological processes.
Name four types of carcinogens?
chemical, environmental radiation, medical radiation, lifestyle factors
What is a tumour?
Lumps of cells
What are benign tumours?
Not dangerous and usually don’t cause problems
What are malignant tumours?
They are dangerous tumours made of cancer cells that spread and cause damadge.
Which type of tumour is cancerous?
Malignant
What is a plant tissue?
a collection of similar cells performing an organized function for the plant
Epidermal
The plant skin which has a waxy cuticle to provide a protective barrier against mechanical injury, water loss, and infection.
Spongy mesophyll
allow for the interchange of gases that are needed for photosynthesis
Xylem
Xylem tissue is used mostly for transporting water from roots to stems.
Phloem
Phloem is responsible for transporting food produced from photosynthesis from leaves to non-photosynthesizing parts of a plant such as roots and stems.
Meristem
Its main function is to trigger the growth of new cells in young seedlings at the tips of roots and shoots and forming buds.
What is the role of the leaf organ?
photosynthesis, gaseous exchange and transport
What is the role of the guard cells?
They help to regulate the rate of transpiration by opening and closing the stomata
Name the organs in the plant organ system that transports substances around the plant.
The stem, root and leaves transports substances into, around and out of a plant.
What is the role of the root hair cell?
to collect water and mineral nutrients present in the soil
What is transpiration?
the exhalation of water vapour through the stomata.
What is translocation?
the movement of something from one place to another.
What factors increase the rate of transpiration?
temperature, humidity, light intensity
