Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

Physics > PAPER 2 GCSE > Flashcards

PAPER 2 GCSE Flashcards

You may prefer our related Brainscape-certified flashcards:
Physics 101 flashcards AP® Physics flashcards
1
Q

effects of forces between bodies

A

Forces can act on a body to change the velocity, so the speed, direction or both.

Or forces can change the shape of a body, stretching it squishing it or twisting it.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

Is force a vector or a scalar quantity

A

Vector

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

Friction is

A

A force that opposes motion

Friction is caused by surfaces rubbing. The force always acts in the opposite direction to motion

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

the stopping distance of a vehicle is made up of

A

the sum of the thinking distance and the breaking distance

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

Thinking distance is affected by

A

Tiredness

Alcohol

speed of the car

Drugs (avoid as drugs can increase or decrease thinking distance)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

Braking distance is affected by

A

Road conditions

Tyre conditions

Brake conditions

speed of the car

mass of the car

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

Terminal velocity

A

Initially the only force is weight as drag is proportional to velocity
So the object accelerates downwards
As it accelerates the drag increases as well
So there is a smaller resultant force downwards so a smaller acceleration
Until the object reaches a speed where the drag is equal to the weight meaning there is no acceleration
This velocity is know as terminal velocity.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

practical investigate how extension varies with applied force for helical springs, metal wires and rubber bands

A

Measure the length of your spring without
any hanging masses.
Hang a mass of 100g on the spring
Measure the new length of the spring
Calculate the extension of the spring
Repeat increasing the mass in increments of 100g

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

Hooke’s law is that

A

extension is directly proportional to force applied. This is shown by the straight line on the force-extension graph

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

What is elastic behaviour

A

the ability of a material to recover its original shape after the forces causing the deformation have been removed

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

How to use momentum as a safety feature

A

1) f = change in p / t
2) change in momentum for any surfaces
3) time is increased for (change in momentum)
4) so force is decreased
5) force is what causes injury

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

Momentum before collision =

A

Momentum after collision

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

Newton’s third law

A

Every action has an equal and opposite reaction.

Eg. Book pushes down on table, table pushes up on book. So book doesn’t accelerate

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

Weight of a body act through

A

Its centre of gravity

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

The principle of moments state that

A

when the clockwise moments are equal to the anticlockwise moments a body will be in equilibrium.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

The upward forces on a light beam supported at its ends vary with

A

The position of a heavy object placed on the beam

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

Light waves are

A

transverse waves and that they can be reflected and refracted

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

Law of reflection

A

the angle of incidence equals the angle of reflection

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

Total internal reflection is used for

A

transmitting information along optical fibres and in prisms

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

Meaning of the critical angle

A

The angle of incidence which produces an angle of refraction of 90 (refracted ray is along the boundary of the surface).
When the angle of incidence is greater than the critical angle, total internal reflection occurs (all light is reflected at the boundary).
This effect only occurs at a boundary from a high refractive index material to a low refractive index material.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

Sound waves are

A

longitudinal waves which can be reflected and refracted

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

the frequency range for human hearing

A

20–20 000 Hz

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

Investigate the speed of sound in air with a oscilloscope

A

Connect two microphones to an oscilloscope
Place them about 2 m apart using a tape measure to measure the distance between them
Set up the oscilloscope so that it triggers when the first microphone detects a sound, and adjust the time base so that the sound arriving at both microphones can be seen on the screen
Make a large clap using the two wooden blocks next to the first microphone
Use the oscilloscope to determine the time at which the clap reaches each microphone and the time difference between them
Repeat this experiment for several distances

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

Investigate the speed of sound in air using wooden blocks

A

Use the trundle wheel to measure a distance of 100 m between two people
One of the people should have two wooden blocks, which they will bang together above their head to generate sound waves
The second person should have a stopwatch which they start when they see the first person banging the blocks together and stop when they hear the sound
This should be repeated several times and an average taken for the time travelled by the sound waves
Repeat this experiment for various distances

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
Q

how an oscilloscope and microphone can be used to display a sound wave

A

With the microphone plugged into the oscilloscope, the microphone will transfer the sound into an electrical signal which the oscilloscope can display .The x axis show the time base which can be adjusted, along the y axis voltage is displayed as the wave is converted into an electrical signal this means amplitudes can be compared.

26
Q

High frequency means

A

High pitch

27
Q

The greater the amplitude

A

The louder the sound

28
Q

Heating a system will change the energy stored within the system and raise its temperature or produce changes of state

A

substance must absorb heat energy so that it can boil or melt
high temperatures, particles have more energy
energy can be transferred to particles at a lower temperature

29
Q

Solids are

A

Tightly packed
Held in fixed pattern
Vibrate about fixed positions

30
Q

Liquids are

A

Tightly packed

Can slide over each other

31
Q

Gases are

A

Very spread out

Move with rapid, random motion

32
Q

obtain a temperature–time graph to show the constant temperature during a change of state

A

Remove the boiling tube of stearic acid from
the water bath
Place the tube into a beaker of room
temperature water
Add a thermometer to the water
Take readings from the thermometer in the
stearic acid and the water every minute
Note readings in the table
Note on the table when you observe the stearic
acid change from a liquid to a solid.
Plot your results in a graph

33
Q

Specific heat capacity is

A

the energy required to change the temperature of an object by one degree Celsius per kilogram of mass (J/kg °C)

34
Q

Voltage is induced in a conductor or a coil when

A

it moves through a magnetic field or when a magnetic field changes through it

35
Q

What affects the size of the induced voltage in a conductor / coil

A

the strength of the magnetic field, how fast the coil is spinning, how many turns in the coil.

36
Q

How does a generator (rotating coil) work

A

· Coil is rotated within a magnetic field

· As it turns the coil cuts the magnetic field lines.

· This induces a voltage (or current) in the coil.

· This can then be connected to an existing circuit.

· In a generator, energy is being converted from kinetic (mechanical) energy into electrical energy.

37
Q

The size of the induced voltage (or current) in a generator can be increased by

A

· Using a stronger magnet

· Having more turns in the coil

· Spinning/moving the coil faster.

38
Q

How does a generator work (rotating magnet)

A

· Magnet is rotated within a coil

· As it turns the coil cuts the constantly changing magnetic field lines from the magnet.

· This induces a voltage (or current) in the coil.

· This can then be connected to an existing circuit.

· In a generator, energy is being converted from kinetic (mechanical) energy into electrical energy.

39
Q

Structure of a transformer

A

AC current in the primary coil produces a changing magnetic field around the primary coil.

The iron core channels the changing field through the secondary coil.

The changing magnetic field induces a voltage in the secondary coil.

40
Q

How does a transformer change the size of an alternating voltage by having

A

different numbers of turns on the input and output sides

41
Q

Step up transformers

A

increase the voltage – more secondary turns than primary

42
Q

Step down transformers

A

decrease the voltage – more primary turns than secondary

43
Q

Where are step up and step down transformer used

A

in the large-scale generation and transmission of electrical energy

44
Q

Nuclear fission

A

The process where heavy atoms are split into smaller, lighter atoms. This releases energy

45
Q

Nuclear fusion

A

The process where lighter atoms are forced to join together to make heavier atoms. This releases energy.

46
Q

Radioactive decay provides energy

A

Within the core of the Earth, radioactive isotopes of elements provide a large proportion of the heat within the Earth through radioactive decay.

47
Q

What does the fission of U-235 producen

A

two radioactive daughter nuclei and a small number of neutrons

48
Q

How does fission of uranium 235 occur

A

A slow moving neutron is absorbed by a uranium 235 nucleus (collision of a neutron)
The resulting uranium 236 nucleus is unstable.

49
Q

How does fission release energy

A

As kinetic energy of the fission products

50
Q

describe how a chain reaction can be set up if the neutrons produced by one fission strike other U-235 nuclei

A

The three neutrons produced by the fission may hit other nuclei of uranium 235, causing the process to repeat.
For a chain reaction to occur, there is a minimum mass of uranium 235 required. This is known as the critical mass.

51
Q

Control rods

A

The purpose of the control rods is to absorb neutrons and completely remove them from the fission process.
Helps adjust the rate of nuclear fission in the reactor (stops the reaction)

52
Q

Moderator

A

The purpose of the moderator is to absorb some of the kinetic energy of the neutrons to slow them down.
This makes the reaction faster because slow neutrons are more easily absorbed by uranium 235 nuclei.

53
Q

the role of shielding around a nuclear reactor

A

Reactor vessel is made of steel and surrounded by a concrete layer about 5 meters thick.
This prevents any radiation escaping, even neutrons.

54
Q

the difference between nuclear fusion and nuclear fission

A

Fission – Larger nuclei are split into smaller nuclei

Fusion – Two smaller nuclei collide and combine to form a larger nucleus

55
Q

Fusion is the energy source for

A

for our sun and all stars.

In the case of the sun, it is typically hydrogen undergoing fusion to create helium.

56
Q

why nuclear fusion does not happen at low temperatures and pressures

A

very high temperatures are required to overcome the repulsive force between the positively charged nuclei of each isotope.
High pressures are also needed to increase the chance of fusion between the nuclei.

57
Q

describe the past evolution of the universe and the

A

Scientists believe that about 14 billion years ago all matter in the Universe was in one extremely tiny and dense place. It then suddenly exploded, and has been expanding ever since

58
Q

CMBR evidence

A

Microwave radiation can be detected EVERYWHERE in the Universe. These are the stretched remains of high energy gamma radiation that would have been produced in the explosion that created the Universe. They have stretched because the Universe is expanding.

59
Q

Red shift evidence

A

If we examine the light for distant galaxies we can see that the wavelengths of the light have become longer. We call this stretching of the waves ‘red-shift’. It tells us that the galaxies producing the light are moving away from us .The further away a galaxy is, the greater its red-shift, so it is moving even faster. This is evidence that the space between all the galaxies is stretching and the Universe is expanding and so it supports the Big Bang Theory.

60
Q

if a wave source is moving relative to an observer there will be a change in

A

the observed frequency and wavelength

Physics (11 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions