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Physics > PAPER 1 GCSE > Flashcards

PAPER 1 GCSE Flashcards

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Physics 101 flashcards AP® Physics flashcards
1
Q

How to measure volume of liquids

A

Graduated cylinder / measuring cylinder

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2
Q

How to measure volume of irregular solid

A

Graduated cylinder and eureka can

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3
Q

How to measure volume of a regular solid

A

Ruler

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4
Q

Pressure at a point in a gas or loquid at rest acts

A

Equally in all directions

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5
Q

Determine acceleration from velocity - time graph

A

Gradient

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6
Q

Determine distance travelled from velocity - time graph

A

Area between graph and time axis

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7
Q

Advantages of parallel circuits

A

Components (e.g. bulbs) may be switched on/off independently.
If one component breaks, current can still flow through the other parts of the circuit.
Bulbs maintain a similar brightness

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8
Q

Advantages of series circuits

A

Fewer wires, cheaper and easier to assemble.

Uses less power

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9
Q

In series circuits as the voltage increases…

A

The current also increases

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10
Q

In series circuit, the more components in a circuit…

A

The lower the current

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11
Q

As you increase the resistance in a circuit,

A

The current will decrease

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12
Q

LDR as light increases

A

As light increases, resistance decreases

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13
Q

Thermistor with temperature

A

As temperature increases, resistance decreases

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14
Q

What is current

A

The rate of flow of charge

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15
Q

What is electric current

A

The flow of negatively charged electrons in solid metallic conductors

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16
Q

Voltage across two components connected in parallel is

A

The same

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17
Q

What is voltage

A

Energy transferred per unit charge passed

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18
Q

What is the volt

A

Joule per coulomb

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19
Q

What are transverse waves

A

A wave that vibrates or oscillates at right angles (perpendicular) to the direction in which energy is transferred/ the wave is moving.
Eg. Light

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20
Q

What are longitudinal waves

A

A wave that vibrates or oscillates at parallel to (along) the direction in which energy is transferred/ the wave is moving.
Eg. Sound

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21
Q

What is wavefront

A

Created by overlapping lots of different waves. A wavefront is where all the vibrations are in phase and the same distance from the source.

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22
Q

What is amplitude

A

The maximum displacement of particles from their equilibrium position.

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23
Q

What is wavelength

A

The distance between a particular point on one cycle of the wave and the same point on the next cycle

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24
Q

What is frequency

A

The number of waves passing a particular point per second. Is measured in Hertz (Hz).

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25
Q

What is time period

A

The time it takes for one complete wave to pass a particular point.

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26
Q

What do waves transfer

A

energy and information without transferring matter

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27
Q

what is the doppler effect

A

the doppler effect is a change in the observed frequency and wavelength of a wave when its source is moving relative to an observer
when a car is moving, wavefronts of the sound are no longer evenly spaced.
if the source is moving away from you the wavelengths increase and the frequency decreases
this is because the wavefronts compress together in front of the moving source and spread out behind the moving source

28
Q

Principle of conservation of energy

A

In any process energy is never created or destroyed. (It is just transferred from one store to another.)

29
Q

Conduction is

A

the transfer of thermal energy through a substance by the vibration of the atoms within the substance. Metals are good conductors because they have free electrons that can move easily through the metal, making the transfer of energy happen faster

30
Q

Convection occurs in

A

occurs in a liquid or gas. These expand when heated because the particles move faster and take up more volume – the particles remain the same size but become further apart. The hot liquid or gas is less dense, so it rises into colder areas. The denser, colder liquid or gas falls into the warm areas. In this way, convection currents are set up which transfer heat from place to place.

31
Q

Thermal radiation is

A

the transfer of energy by infrared (IR) waves. These travel very quickly in straight lines.

32
Q

how emission and absorption of radiation are related to surface and temperature

A

Light, shiny surfaces are good reflectors of IR and so are poor at absorbing it.

– Dark, matt surfaces are poor reflectors and good at absorbing IR.

– This means that placed next to a heat source, a dark object would heat up faster than a light one.

– Dark matt surfaces are also best at emitting IR. This means that a hot object with a light shiny surface will emit less IR than a dark matt object at the same temperature.

– Hotter objects emit more IR per second. The type of EM wave emitted also changes with temperature – the higher the temperature the higher the frequency of EM wave emitted.

33
Q

explain ways of reducing unwanted energy transfer, such as insulation

A

A good insulating material is a poor conductor that contains trapped air, e.g. foam, feathers, glass fibre. Being a poor conductor (non-metal) prevents heat transfer by conduction and the trapped air prevents convection currents.

34
Q

atomic (proton) number is

A

the number of protons in the nucleus of an atom

35
Q

Mass (nucleon) number is

A

the total number of protons and neutrons in the nucleus of an atom

36
Q

An isotope is

A

an atom of the same element, i.e. it has the same number of protons/same atomic number, but has a different number of neutrons/different mass number. Two atoms with the same atomic number but different mass numbers are isotopes

37
Q

alpha (α) particles, beta (β−) particles, and gamma (γ) rays

A

ionising radiations emitted from unstable nuclei in a random process

38
Q

Alpha ionising power

A

Strong

39
Q

Alpha range in air

A

A few centimetres

40
Q

Alpha is stopped by

A

Paper or thin card

41
Q

What is an alpha particle

A

Helium nucleus

42
Q

Beta ionising power

A

Moderate

43
Q

Beta range in air

A

About 1m

44
Q

Beta is stopped by

A

5mm of aluminium

45
Q

Beta radiation is a

A

Fast moving electron

46
Q

Gamma ionising power

A

Very weak

47
Q

Gamma range in air

A

At least 1km

48
Q

Gamma is stopped by

A

10cm of lead

49
Q

Gamma rays are

A

Electromagnetic waves

50
Q

investigate the penetration powers of different types of radiation using

A

Detect using a Geiger Müller Tube.

Try the three different materials in order, paper then aluminium then lead.

Count rate will significantly decrease if radiation is stopped.

51
Q

describe the effects on the atomic and mass numbers of a nucleus of the emission of alpha radiation

A

· 2 protons and 2 neutrons are lost.

· Mass number decreases by 4

· Atomic number decreases by 2

52
Q

describe the effects on the atomic and mass numbers of a nucleus of the emission of beta radiation

A

· 1 neutron is converted to an electron (lost from the atom) and proton

· Mass number is unchanged

· Atomic number increases by 1

53
Q

describe the effects on the atomic and mass numbers of a nucleus of the emission of gamma radiation

A

· Energy is lost from an atom in the form of an electromagnetic wave

· Mass number is unchanged

· Atomic number is unchanged

54
Q

Geiger Müller detector:

A

When connected to a counter, the detector will be able to measure radioactivity.

55
Q

Photographic film:

A

Radiation will cause photographic film to darken.

56
Q

sources of background (ionising) radiation from Earth and space

A 
radon in air
Granit in rocks
Cosmic rays
Medical equipment
Food and drink
57
Q

activity of a radioactive source decreases

A

over a period of time and is

measured in becquerels.

58
Q

The Half-life is

A

the time taken for the radioactivity of a specific isotope to fall to half its original value.

59
Q

contamination is

A

Occurs when material that contains radioactive atoms is deposited on materials, skin, clothing, or any place where it is not desired.

60
Q

irradiation is

A

The process by which an object is exposed to radiation.

61
Q

the universe is

A

a large collection of billions of galaxies

62
Q

a galaxy is

A

a large collection of billions of stars

63
Q

moons orbit

A

planets because of gravitational forces with circular orbits

64
Q

planets orbit

A

the Sun because of gravitational forces in slightly squashed circles (ellipses)

65
Q

artificial satellites orbit

A

the Earth because of gravitational forces

66
Q

comets orbit

A

the Sun because of gravitational forces with highly elliptical forces

Physics (11 decks)

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