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Physics > Paper 1 > Flashcards

Paper 1 Flashcards

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AP® Physics flashcards Physics 101 flashcards
1
Q

Equation for acceleration

A

acceleration = change in velocity / time taken

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2
Q

What is friction

A

A force that opposes motion

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3
Q

What is terminal velocity

A

The object moves at a steady speed in a constant direction because the resultant force acting on it is zero

1) object accelerates because it has weight
2) as speed increases so does drag
3) the forces balance and terminal velocity is reached

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4
Q

practical: investigate how extension varies with applied force for helical springs, metal wires and rubber bands

A

The spring constant of a spring can be found by carrying out an experiment.

The unloaded length of a spring is measured.

Slotted masses are added to the spring.

Record each stretching force in N and the corresponding length of the spring.

The extension is the new length minus the unloaded length.

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5
Q

Hookes law

A

Gradient of a force-extension graph is associated with Hooke’s law
(Spring constant)

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6
Q

Current in a resistor in domestic products

A

Resistance causes transfer of electrical energy to heat energy. Some components are designed to have a high resistance to make sure this happens, for example electrical heaters

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7
Q

Relationship between power, current and voltage

A

P = IV

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8
Q

A.C. and D.C.

A

Mains electricity is alternating current (oscillating voltage/current)
Direct current is supplied by a cell or battery (constant voltage/current)

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9
Q

Current in a series circuit

A

Is constant

Depends on the applied voltage

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10
Q

Graphs for resistors metal filament lamps and diodes

A

-

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11
Q

Voltage, current and resistance relationship

A

V = IR

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12
Q

If you increase resistance, the current

A

Decreases

For example adding more components

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13
Q

that light is part of a continuous electromagnetic spectrum that includes (in order)

A

radio, microwave, infrared, visible, ultraviolet, x-ray and gamma ray radiations

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14
Q

Wavelength and frequency in electromagnetic spectrum

A

decreasing wavelength and increasing frequency

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15
Q

Uses of radio waves

A

broadcasting and communications

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16
Q

Uses of microwaves

A

Cooking and satellite transmission

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17
Q

Uses of infrared radiation

A

Heaters and night vision equipment

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18
Q

Uses of visible light

A

Optical fibres and photography

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19
Q

Uses of ultraviolet light

A

Fluorescent lamps

20
Q

Uses of x rays

A

observing the internal structure of objects and materials, including for medical applications

21
Q

Excessive exposure of microwaves

A

Internal heating of body tissue

22
Q

Excessive exposure of infrared

A

Skin burns

23
Q

Excessive exposure of ultraviolet

A

Damage to surface cells and blindness

24
Q

Excessive exposure of gamma rays

A

Cancer, mutation

25
Q

What are light waves

A

Transverse waves that can be reflected and refracted

26
Q

Law of reflection

A

the angle of incidence equals the angle of reflection

27
Q

How do optical fibres work

A

Optical fibres made of plastic or glass consist of a central core surrounded by a cladding with a lower refractive index
Light signals passing through the core always hit the boundary at angles higher than c so the light is always totally internally reflected
This transmits information along them

28
Q

What do optical fibres do

A

They are being used increasingly for telephone and broadband internet cables
Also for medical purposes to be able to see inside the body

29
Q

What is a critical angle

A

when the angle of incidence is equal to the critical angle, the angle of refraction is 90 degrees

30
Q

relationship between critical angle and refractive index

A

sin c = 1 / n

31
Q

Principle of conservation of energy

A

It is not possible to create or destroy energy.

32
Q

relationship between efficiency, useful energy output and total energy output:

A

efficiency = useful energy output / total energy output x 100

33
Q

relationship between density, mass and volume

A

volume = mass / density

34
Q

relationship between pressure, force and area

A

pressure = force / area

35
Q

Molecules in a gas

A

have random motion and that they exert a force and

hence a pressure on the walls of a container

36
Q

the Kelvin temperature of a gas is proportional to

A

average kinetic energy of its molecules

37
Q

why does a nail exert more pressure on wood than on a hammer

A
  • pressure is force divided by area
  • the forces on wood and hammer are equal
  • smaller area of nail is in contact with wood
38
Q

Why is pressure inversely proportional to volume

A

As volume increase the space between the particles increases therefore frequency of collision decreases. Average force felt by container decreases so pressure decreases

39
Q

Pressure and Kelvin temperature at constant volume.

A

As you heat the gas, the kinetic energy of the particles increases, and thus so does their average speed.
This means more collisions per second with the walls, and they exert a larger force on the wall.
This causes in the total pressure being exerted by the particles to rise

40
Q

What is a magnetic field line

A

Magnets exert forces without touching

41
Q

How to produce a uniform magnetic field

A

A uniform magnetic field is comprised of straight, parallel lines which are evenly spaced. Between two opposite charges on bar magnets, a uniform magnetic field is formed

42
Q

Comet orbits

A

Around the sun

Highly elliptical

43
Q

Planet orbits

A

Around the sun

Slightly elliptical

44
Q

Moon orbits

A

Around planets

Circular

45
Q

Uses of gamma rays

A

sterilising food and medical equipment.

46
Q

energy transfers

A

mechanically, electrically, by heating, by radiation

Physics (11 decks)

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