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Paper 2 Ethnicity Flashcards

1
Q

What is the highest rate of unemployment for women

A

Arab 64%
Bangladeshi 61%

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2
Q

What jobs are men from Pakistani, Black African and Bangladeshi ethnic groups in

A

Low skilled jobs

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3
Q

What does Wood say relating to applications in employment

A

29% of applicants are favoured if they had a white name rather than an ethnic minority

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4
Q

What does Battu and Sloane say regarding ethnic groups education for their job

A

More likely to be overeducated for their jobs

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5
Q

What term does Davidson use to describe how women will not reach promotion due to discrimination

A

Concrete ceiling

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6
Q

What fraction of people from ethnic minorities are in low income households

A

2/5, twice the rate of white people

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7
Q

What does the National Equality Panel show regarding wealth

A

White households had greatest wealth in 2006/8 averaging £221000
Group with least wealth was Bangladeshi households with only £15000

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8
Q

What did Rowlingson and McKay find regarding manager occupations

A

White people in manager occupations had greater wealth than other ethnic groups in the same position

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9
Q

What did the Joseph Rowntree Foundation find regarding income

A

Ethnic minorities have lowest earnings

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10
Q

According to the 2011 Census how many Bangladeshi and Pakistani households live in poverty compared to white households

A

One in three compared to one in 12 white British

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11
Q

What did Joseph Rowntree Foundations report ‘Poverty and Ethnicity in the UK’ find

A

Pakistani and Bangladeshi households rely on social security benefits such as House Benefit more than other ethnic groups

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12
Q

According to Evandro how many Bangladeshi elderly are in poverty

A

60%

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13
Q

What did the Runnymede report state regarding poverty

A

Ethnic minorities are three times more likely than white people to experience poverty in retirement as they cannot access pension systems due to language barriers

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14
Q

Why did Flaherty say ethnic minorities are more likely to be in poverty

A

They are more likely to be unemployed, low skilled jobs, live in deprived areas and have poor housing

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15
Q

Why does Acock say ethnic minorities experience isolation and exclusion

A

Due to material deprivation

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16
Q

What did Platt find when he analysed the 2011 census

A

Pakistani and Bangladeshi groups performed less well in terms of occupational achievement

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17
Q

What did Sedgi say regarding social mobility

A

Ethnic minorities still face social mobility barriers even though they are outperforming their white British peers in GCSEs

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18
Q

Why do Muslim women suffer employer discrimination

A

Wear a hijab

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19
Q

What group are more likely to move up their socio economic class

A

White men and women

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20
Q

What was Pattersons model called

A

Host immigration model

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21
Q

How does Pattersons theory present Britain

A

Stable orderly society with a high degree of consensus over norms and values

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22
Q

What does the arrival of immigrants result in

A

Culture clash as their norms and values are very different meaning they disrupt a peaceful society

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23
Q

Why does Patterson claim that the hosts weren’t actually racist

A

Said that the hosts were just very unsure how to act towards the newcomers

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24
Q

What did Patterson say were the three causes of ethnic inequality

A

Host cultures fear of the cultural difference of immigrants
Host cultures resentment of having to compete with immigrants for resources
Failure of immigrants to assimilate

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25
Why might immigrants experience hostility from host culture
Due to their culture strangeness
26
Why was Patterson optimistic about long term prospects for racial harmony
Thought that immigrants would eventually move towards full cultural assimilation by shedding their old ethnic values and taking on values of host society
27
What are the three stages of the host immigration model
Accommodation- finding employment Integration- host and immigrants socialising Assimilation- complete acceptance by society
28
What does Pattersons also argue that could lead to assimilation
Physical amalgamation- interbreeding between races can lead to complete disappearance of immigrant group features
29
Evaluation of the Functionalist view of ethnicity and inequality
She is naïve to assume that ethnic groups assimilate into British culture e.g postmodernists argue Britain is a multicultural society in which different ethnic cultures co exist side by side Marxists criticise for ignoring the role capitalism plays within society and how the division of people by races helps to maintain the capitalist structure
30
What Marxist believes race is a human creation
Cox
31
According to Cox if capitalism had not developed then what would’ve never been experienced
Racism
32
How is Cox criticised
Difficult to prove that racism is a capitalist ideology He is mainly interested in economic differences caused by capitalism his theory has been labelled as race blind
33
What is the reserve army of labour
When there are more workers than jobs so workers could not bargain for higher wages because otherwise they would be replaced
34
Why did the immigrants providing a cheap pool of labour cause the working class to become divided
White population at the top and immigrants at the bottom
35
What tactic was used to help ruling class as immigrants were scapegoated
Divide and rule
36
How is castles and Kosack criticised
Not all ethnic groups are disadvantaged Currently over 5000 Muslim millionaires
37
What did Neo Marxist Miles replace biological grouping with
Nationalism- individuals saw their nation as superior/ inferior to other nations
38
What theory is Miles influenced by and why
Weberian theory Says status should be used alongside class to explain racism
39
How is Miles criticised
Miles downplays possible cooperation between groups in trade union movements where people work together
40
What three studies can be used in Marxism for explaining ethnic inequalities
Rise of English defence league Morecambe bay tragedy Hinduja brothers
41
What is the EDL
Defender of British values members are usually white working class and are threatened by Muslims and their top concern in society is immigration. This is due to their fear of losing their jobs and blaming foreign workers
42
What is the Morecambe Bay tragedy
Chinese cockle pickers drowned when they were trapped sweeping tides- they were forced to move to Uk to work in dangerous conditions in order to earn enough money to send back home
43
Who are the Hinduja brothers
Britain’s wealthiest men worth 11.9 billion- criticism of ethnic inequalities
44
What did Weber recognise
The importance in the difference between the bourgeoise and proletariat, he also argued there were differences in the working class e.g ethnic differences
45
What did Weber have a strong influence on and why
Explanations for racial discrimination because Weber was keen to point out that stratification could occur on the basis of non economic factors too such as status and party
46
How did Weber define class
Those with a similar market situation and work situation
47
What race has superior life chances
White British
48
What is social closure
Exclude other groups from their positions of privilege
49
What are in the hands of the majority ethnic group and how dies thus affect ethnic minorities
Status and party making it difficult for ethnic minorities to compete equally for jobs housing etc
50
Example of status dividing a class
Ethnic minority manual workers may have a lower status than white manual workers
51
How do parties cause inequalities
Trade unions are dominated by white members, which often leads to ethnic minorities voices not being heard
52
Evaluation of Weberian theory
Critics argue that this theory still does not provide any way to distinguish between the relative importance of the different types of inequality
53
Who came up with the dual labour market theory
Barron and Norris
54
What did Barron and Norris find
Primary labour market (secure well paid jobs) dominated by white men Secondary labour market (low security low wages) dominated by ethnic minorities
55
What study suppprts Weberian theory
Rex and Tomlinson
56
Why did black feminism develop
Out of frustration with other types of feminism
57
What concept do black feminists believe in
Intersectionality
58
Abbott argues previous strands of feminism have:
Claimed to address issues with all women but have focused on white middle class women (ethnocentric) Created a victim ideology- black women are seen as helpless victims when in fact they have made changes Been theoretically racist- expected black women to write about their own experiences rather than include them in the feminist theory as a whole
59
How does Brewer see the black feminist theory and why does this mean black women suffer
As a understanding race, class and gender as coexisting forces Black women suffer because they are black, working class and are women
60
How is Brewer criticised
Emphasis is put on racial differences at the expense of other factors such as age and disability Legislations have been put into place to prevent discrimination and these have helped to empower ethnic groups- clearly showing as Chinese and Indian female pupils do well at school
61
What does Mirza say regarding black feminists
They can draw on their own experiences to challenge the image that black women are passive victims of racism, patriarchy and social class inequality
62
What does the Third World view undermine that Black women are
Brave proud and strong
63
How is Mirza criticised
Concrete ceiling means not all ethnic minority women feel confident, brave and strong Continue to experience pressures to conform in the family to traditional gender stereotypes and maintain izaat (honour)
64
What link does Connell stress
The link between Black feminism and postcolonial feminism
65
What is postcolonial feminism
Explain gender inequalities caused by colonialism (taking control of another country)
66
Why does Connell think it’s important to develop feminist perspectives that challenge the dominance of Western feminism
She believes most women live in the majority world of the southern continents
67
How is Connell criticised
Sometimes overemphasises the importance of colonialism rather than the gender inequalities
68
What studies can be used for black feminism
Hijabi Barbie Malala
69
What did Malala say when accepting her Nobel prize
Why are we so powerful in creating wars but so weak in bringing peace Why is giving guns so easy but giving books is so hard We must be able to give every child a quality education
70
What did Murray argued was a threat to American society
Growing underclass
71
What were government policies encouraging
People to become dependent of benefits e.g welfare reforms encourage never been married single mothers and black youths to lose interest in getting job
72
What did Murray say the homes of the underclass members in the Uk were like
Littered and unkempt Men couldn’t hod down a job, drunkenness was common Children grew up ill schooled so raised to take on underclass values like parents Traditional family cakes were undermined
73
Evaluation of Murray
Ignored economic divisions Rather than a sympathetic approach he blamed them for the situation they found themselves in
74
What did Sewell find
High proportion of AC boys raised in lone parents families In 2001 57% of AC families were lone parents compared to 25% white families
75
What did boys lacking a male role model lead to
More vulnerable to peer pressure e.g join gangs to form masculinity
76
Evaluation of Sewell
Critics say he is blaming AC for their inequalities Diverted attention from real causes of black underachievement e.g racist society Accused of blaming black fathers for deserting their families, blaming youth for creating subcultures

Sociology (6 decks)

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