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Sociology > Paper 1 Section B > Flashcards

Paper 1 Section B Flashcards

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Sociology 101 flashcards
1
Q

What is a subculture

A

A culture within a culture
Have distinct norms and values

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2
Q

What do youth subcultures stand out in terms of:

A

Style
Dress
Music taste
Attitudes

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3
Q

What does spectacular youth subculture mean and examples

A

Highly visible subcultures who had flamboyant styles and confrontational attitudes
Examples: teddy boys, mods, punks, rockers, skinheads

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4
Q

Where were spectacular subcultures studied

A

Birmingham university

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5
Q

Who were the teddy boys

A

Came about in 1950s
They were excluded from wealth and had not done very well at school or only had dead end futures to look forward to
Hung around local cafes

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6
Q

What did the teddy boys wear

A

Wore Edwardian style, brightly coloured jackets which symbolised they were trying to be like their middle class superiors, suede shoes and bootlace ties as they tried to represent cowboys who were their cool role models

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7
Q

Who are the skinheads

A

Their attitude was macho, aggressive and racist
Argued that they felt their working class identity was under threat to poor economic conditions
Linked to football hooliganism

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8
Q

What do the skinheads wear

A

Extreme version of manual workers clothes:
Rolled up jeans, braces and big boots

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9
Q

Who are the mods

A

Usually working class
Not overly macho
Drove Vespas or lambrettas
Influenced by music such as soul and rhythm and blues- bands such as The Jam

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10
Q

What did the mods wear

A

Italian suits, fishtail parkers and Fred Perry polos

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11
Q

Who are the punks

A

They emerged as a resistance against the media and fashion industries which often told youths how to be
Had political elements with bands such as The sex pistols singing about poverty

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12
Q

What did the punks wear

A

Used ordinary objects and put them together is a new way
E.g wear ripped clothing, piercing bodies with safety pins, bin liners became tops, bondage and fetish clothes were worn as everyday items
Hair was coloured and shaped in extreme ways

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13
Q

Who are the rockers

A

Came about in 1960s
Rode round on motorbikes listening to rock and roll music- referred to as ‘biker culture’
Often unskilled, manual labourers

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14
Q

What did the rockers wear

A

Black leather jackets, jeans and boots

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15
Q

What does functionalists believe will happen if someone is not socially integrated into society

A

They will feel isolated and anomie will occur

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16
Q

How can anomie be shown in society

A

Through riots and chaos in society

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17
Q

Parsons believes youth emerged because of what

A

The development of capitalism

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18
Q

What does parsons say is important about the youth stage

A

It is an important stage during a stressful time where individuals must learn to leave the security of the family and become independent

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19
Q

How do youths become independent from their parents

A

Getting part time jobs, spending more time away from the family

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20
Q

What skills do youths develop

A

Money management
Responsibility

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21
Q

What is the rite of passage

A

Parsons sees youth culture as a rite of passage that individuals must go through between childhood and adulthood

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22
Q

How does functionalist Eisenstadt see youth culture

A

As a way of bringing young people into society

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23
Q

What can youth provide according to Eisenstaedt

A

Provide a safe outlet for the tensions that childhood to adulthood brings

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24
Q

Why is this period seen as a period of rebellion

A

Put down to hormones and functionalists say it is them pushing the boundaries to learn what is right and wrong

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25
Q

Why does Abram’s say youth culture was created by the media

A

The media and businesses target youths as they have more spending power due to part time jobs and not having to pay bills

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26
Q

Criticisms of the functionalist view on how youth subcultures form

A

They did not account for individual subcultural differences between youths
Social class, race and gender are not considered by functionalists
Neo Marxists focused on impact of social class
Feminists consider gender differences
Most functionalists evidence comes from white, middle class Americans so their evidence is ethnocentric

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27
Q

What do Mcrobbie and Garber argue

A

That girls were absent from research and when they were present it was reinforcing stereotypical views of girls

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28
Q

What gender were many of the researchers on youth subcultures

A

Male meaning they have developed a rapport with their male subjects and found it harder to relate to teenage girls

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29
Q

What do Mcrobbie and Garber argue about girls friendship groups

A

That they are often very tight knit groups

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30
Q

Criticisms of feminist views on how youth subcultures form

A

Postmodernists have developed, meaning gender is less significant and many current subcultures do not have any clear gender distinctions

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31
Q

What do neo Marxists focus on

A

Focus on the social class and the economic situation faced by young people

32
Q

What were the social issues facing working class youths

A

High unemployment and racial tensions

33
Q

The CCCS said subcultures can be seen as a form of what

A

Resistance against the ruling class and the poor economic situation

34
Q

Criticisms of Marxists/neo Marxists on how youth subcultures form

A

Marxists were finding meanings that did not exist
Feminists challenge CCCS for ignoring girls
Middle class also had subcultures e.g hippies
Majority of youth do not belong to youth subcultures

35
Q

What do postmodernists argue about youth subculture

A

That youth subculture has become increasingly fragmented and divided
They say youth is more fluid and changeable

36
Q

Who was the research done by for club cultures (postmodernist view)

A

Research done by MIPs

37
Q

How does club cultures link to postmodernism

A

There are no clear gender, class or ethnic differences between the clubbers

38
Q

What does Redhead state about club cultures

A

Subcultures are formed within the media and the media drives subcultures

39
Q

Who used the term Neo tribe instead of subculture

A

Maffesoli

40
Q

What does Neo tribe mean

A

Refers to more loosely organised grouping with no fixed membership
He argues young people ‘flit’ from tribe to tribe, dabbling in different aspects of clothing and music

41
Q

What did Bennet find in regards to Neo tribes

A

That Neo tribes are based around fashion, music and lifestyle but with no shared values

42
Q

Who writes about the supermarket of style

A

Polhemus

43
Q

What is the supermarket of style

A

Youth create identities by picking and mixing from various cultures, fashions, lifestyles and music

44
Q

What does Polhemus argue about commitment to youth subcultures

A

Commitment to one style isn’t very common and young people are reluctant to give themselves labels and restrict their choices

45
Q

Criticisms of postmodernists view on formation of youth subcultures

A

There are still some distinct youth subcultures who have clear style and music tastes e.g goths and emos
Young members belong to Neo tribes or are they just having a good time?
Are neo tribes actually artificial and media driven?

46
Q

What did Clarke argue in regards to subcultures related to social class

A

Clarke argued that skinhead culture was an exaggerated version of working class masculinity
They wore manual workers clothes and were macho and racist
Clarke argued that they felt their working class identity under threat, so exaggerated it as a form of resistance

47
Q

What did Jefferson study in regards to subcultures relating to social class

A

Jefferson studied teddy boys who were often excluded from general affluence after not doing well in school
Jefferson argued their jackets symbolised them trying to be like their middle class superiors

48
Q

What term did Hebdige used in regards to subcultures related to social class

A

Bricolage to describe punk culture referring to punk reuse of ordinary objects in a new way e.g piercings with safety pins and bing bags as tops
Hebdige stated punk culture emerged as a resistance against the dominance of mainstream media and fashion industries which were telling youths how to be

49
Q

What were the CCCS outcome of their study

A

Not that positive

50
Q

What did Brake (took part in CCCS study) argue

A

That these solutions (forming of spectacular subcultures) were magic symbolic solutions rather than practical

51
Q

What concept did Hebdige used to describe how rebellious styles are often taken over by the media and fashion industries

A

Incorporation
Therefore punk clothes lost their edge as they found their way into the high street stores

52
Q

How does Thornton challenge the ideas of the CCCS ands the significance of social class as an enemy of youth subculture

A

Argues that youths are exempt from adult financial commitments e.g bills, therefore the vast majority from whatever class enjoy a disposable income and a short period of freedom from adult responsibilities
She argues that all but they very poorest can take part in club culture and have money to spend on themselves for their own enjoyment

53
Q

What does Thornton say in regards to subcultures relating to gender

A

Points out girls used to have less disposable income, married earlier and earns less than males
Girls invested more time into doing well at school while boys invested more energy into going out- this led to a subcultural capital and girls accepted their lack of subcultural capital
Things associated with girls is often seen as less important

54
Q

What does Mcrobbie say in regards to subcultures relating to gender

A

Considers change in magazines for teenage girls, which shifted from romance to self confident sexuality- girls laughed and critiqued them
Consider Steph intersection of gender with ethnicity and black raga girls danced in a sexually explicit way to sexist music- allows girls to reclaim their sexuality by challenging the music

55
Q

What does Reddington argue in regards to subcultures relating to gender

A

There have been active females e.g Vivienne Westwood who was influential in punk subculture
Points out punks involved females from the beginning based on its equal ethos
However even within punk, females were not taken seriously referred to as lunettes and judged on physical appearance much more than men

56
Q

Why were Mcrobbie and Garber critical of CCCS

A

For ignoring women

57
Q

What did Mcrobbie and Garber say in regards to subcultures relating to gender

A

Argue girls weer still restricted at the time (50s) by expectations of marriage, less freedom and stricter social control
Used the term bedroom culture to describe that girls would get together and try makeup, hair and gossip- this could be seen as a form of resistance as girls anxieties led to very tight knit groups
This show the invisibility of girls in subcultures as they spend time with friends in hoisted rather than on the streets

58
Q

Changing roles for females in subcultures

A

In US female subcultures such as riot grrrls had very strong female identities
Girls today are less restricted and spend more time in public spaces
Binge drinking and pub culture see equal amounts of both genders
Holland study of nightlife in Newcastle shows bedroom culture was a thing of the past as there has been a dramatic increase in amount of women in the city
Bennet argued Neo tribes are less gendered

59
Q

What are examples of ethnic minorities in the UK

A

Rastafarian’s
Brasians

60
Q

What are the Rastafarian’s associated with

A

Jamaican culture, reggae music, dreadlocks, wear red gold and green, smoking marijuana

61
Q

How does Hebdige see Rastafarian’s as resistance to white culture

A

Due to roots in relations of slavery

62
Q

Why did Rastafarian’s move to Britain

A

Offered them a positive identity

63
Q

What is the brasian culture a fusion between

A

Asian and British culture

64
Q

Example of brasian culture

A

Bhangra music mixed with rap e.g jay sean

65
Q

Johal suggested brasians adopted a hyper-ethnic style
What is this

A

Exaggerated form of their parents culture

66
Q

What is code switching

A

Brasians being selective on what they want to follow e.g religion, diet

67
Q

Do brasians or Rastafarian’s show more hybridity

A

Brasians

68
Q

Why are brasians more hybrid

A

They blend aspects of their parents culture with aspects of British popular culture

69
Q

What is an example of resistance to integrating into white British culture and who discusses this

A

Mercer discuses that styling of hair within black culture
Afro and dreadlocks are seen as resistance and straightened black hairstyles are seen as integrating into British society

70
Q

What sociologist groups are accused of being ethnocentric

A

Functionalist, feminists and CCCS as they do not consider race and ethnicity of youth subcultures

71
Q

Why have studies in the US been less white focused

A

Studies are carried out by black sociologists

72
Q

Examples of hybrid subcultures

A

White wannabes
Modern primitives

73
Q

Who are the white wannabes and who were they identified by

A

Identified by Nayak as white working class males who adopt language and style of black culture
Wear lots of bling and listen to hip hop

74
Q

Who are the modern primitives

A

Described as a Neo tribe as they have a loose membership and focus on individuality
Have body modifications such as piercings and tattoos which is argued that it is their response to their sense of powerlessness

75
Q

How is hybridity in youth subcultures seen as positive

A

Form of cultural exchange

76
Q

How is hybridity in youth subcultures seen as negative

A

Form of cultural appropriation which is taking form other cultures without giving recognition e.g use of tattoos and piercings
Hutnyk argues the western subcultures have stripped the meaning of symbols and used them in a superficial way
Is the idea of cultural exchange really equal?

Sociology (5 decks)

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