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Psychology > Paper 2 Approaches > Flashcards

Paper 2 Approaches Flashcards

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1
Q

classical conditioning

A

learning through association

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2
Q

unconditioned stimulus

A

something that naturally triggers an automatic response

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3
Q

unconditioned response

A

the automatic reaction to an unconditioned stimulus

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4
Q

neutral stimulus

A

something that does not produce a specific reaction

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5
Q

conditioned stimulus

A

when a neutral object, action or person is connected to a specific response over time

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6
Q

conditioned response

A

a learned response to a previously neutral stimulus

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7
Q

Extinction in relation to classical conditioning

A

the conditioned response does not become permanantly established as a response

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8
Q

spontanious recovery in relation to classical conditioning

A

following extinction if the conditioned stimulus and the undonditioned stimulus are paired together again the connection is made quicker

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9
Q

stimulus generalisation

A

once conditioning has taken place an animal will also respond to stimuli similar to the conditioned stimulus

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10
Q

stimulus discrimination

A

sometimes stimulus generalisation wont occur especially to objects that are too different

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11
Q

operant conditioning

A

learning is an active process where you operat on your environment

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12
Q

positive reinforcement

A

receiving a reward when a desired behaviour is preformed

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13
Q

negative reinforcement

A

when an animal/human avoids something unpleasent

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14
Q

punishment

A

unpleasent concequence of behaviour

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15
Q

adrenaline

A

part of the “fight or flight” response and is released when facing a perceived stressor or threat

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16
Q

autonomic nervous system

A

responsible for regulating unconscious body processes.

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17
Q

attention (as a mediational process)

A

noticing a behaviour

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18
Q

retention (as a mediational process)

A

remembering a behaviour

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19
Q

motor reproduction (as a mediational process)

A

the ability to replicate an action

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20
Q

motivation

A

desire to recreate action

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21
Q

mediational procceses

A

cognitive factors that influence learning and come between stimulus and response

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22
Q

behaviourist

A

theory of learning that focuses on observable behaviours and environmental stimuli

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23
Q

biological

A

believes behaviour to be a consequence of our genetics and physiology.

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24
Q

central nervous system

A

brain and spinal cord, responsible for conscious bodily processes

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25
Q

cognitive

A

focuses on understanding mental processes, including perception, attention, memory, thinking, and decision-making

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26
Q

demand characteristics

A

cues or signals in an experimental setting that hint to participants about the experimenter’s expectations, leading them to behave in a certain way to match these expectations, potentially biasing the results

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27
Q

determinism

A

all events, including moral choices, are completely determined by previously existing causes

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28
Q

dizygotic (DZ)

A

unidentical twins

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29
Q

empiricism

A

emphasizes the role of experience and evidence in the formation of ideas and acquisition of knowledge

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30
Q

endocrine system

A

in charge of creating and releasing hormones

31
Q

free will

A

the power of acting without the constraint of necessity or fate; the ability to act at one’s own discretion

32
Q

genotype

A

passed on from parents, part of genetic code

33
Q

phenotype

A

how the genotype presents itself

34
Q

innate

A

in-born or natural

35
Q

introspection

A

the examination or observation of mental and emotional process

36
Q

monozygotic (MZ)

A

identical twins

37
Q

natural selection

A

the process whereby organisms better adapted to their environment tend to survive and produce more offspring

38
Q

neurochemistry

A

study of chemicals, including neurotransmitters and other molecules such as psychopharmaceuticals and neuropeptides, that control and influence the physiology of the nervous system

39
Q

neurons

A

responsible for receiving sensory input from the external world, for sending motor commands to our muscles, and for transforming and relaying the electrical signals

40
Q

neuroscience

A

scientific study of the nervous system

41
Q

neurotransmitters

A

chemical messengers that facilitate communication between neurons in the brain and nervous system

42
Q

observation

A

Directly witnessing and recording measurable behaviours, actions, and responses in natural or controlled settings

43
Q

parasympathetic nervous system

A

regulates bodily functions outside of voluntary control (rest and digest functions)

44
Q

peripheral nervous system

A

connects CNS to the rest of the body

45
Q

relay neuron

A

allows sensory and motor neurons to communicate with each other

46
Q

law of effect

A

any behaviour follewed by positive concequences is likely to be repeated

47
Q

identification

A

the extent an individual relates to a model and feels they are similar to themselves

48
Q

immitation

A

when an individual observes behaviour from a role model and copies it

49
Q

modelling

A

when someone is influential on an individual in some way in SLT they are a model. when a person imitates a models behaviour they are modelling the behaviour

50
Q

vicarious reinforcement

A

suggests individuals dont need to experience rewards or punishments directly in order to learn instead they can observe others concequences and make judgements on the likelyhood of themselves experiencing it

51
Q

social learning theory

A

Albert Bandura said that learning occurs through observation, imitation, and modeling and is influenced by things like attention, motivation, attitudes, and emotions

52
Q

role model

A

a peson is a role model if they posess similar charachteristics to the observer/ are attractive/ have a high status

53
Q

computer analogy (cognative)

A

information is inputted through the senses encoded into memory and comibined with previously stored information to complete a task

54
Q

schema

A

a cognative framework that helps to organise and interpret information in the brain, theyre usefuol as they allow us to take shortcuts when interpreting the large amount of info we reveive daily

55
Q

cognative neuroscience

A

scientific study of influence of brain structures on mental processes

56
Q

concordance rate

A

precentage of both twins displaying the same charachteristics

57
Q

stomatic nervous system

A

part of the peripheral nervous system that controls voluntary movement and processes

58
Q

sympathetic nervous system

A

network of nerves that helps your body activate its “fight-or-flight” response.

59
Q

cerebrum

A

part of brain makes up 85% of its total mass.

60
Q

cerebellum

A

latin for ‘little brain’ controls automatic functions such as breathing

61
Q

frontal lobe

A

involved with speech through and learing

62
Q

temporal lobes

A

hearing and memory

63
Q

partieal lobes

A

sensory information such as touch, taste and pain

64
Q

occipital lobe

A

visaual information

65
Q

synapse

A

where neurotransmitters travel across (the junctions of neurones)

66
Q

inhabitory neurotransmitters

A

neurotransmitters that inhibit nerve impulses to calm the brain and balance the mood

67
Q

excitatory transmitters

A

excess of dopamine that causes neurones to fire more often and produce too mant messages (may produce symptoms of schizophrenia)

68
Q

horemones

A

chemicals produced by the endoctirne glands and are secreted directly into the bloodstream

69
Q

evolution

A

changes that take place in the charachteristics of a popualtion over a period of time

70
Q

psychodynamic

A

role of the unconcious

71
Q

conscious

A

the part of our mind we are aware of

72
Q

unconsious

A

most of our mind is made up of lots of biological drives that influence our behaviour and personality, we are not aware of this

73
Q

preconsious

A

Psychology (5 decks)

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