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Geography > Paper 2 > Flashcards

Paper 2 Flashcards

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1
Q

what is tourisms definition?

A

travelling from home and staying away from home for at least one night

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2
Q

global tourism now number more than…

A

900 Million a year

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3
Q

what 2 events slow down tourist growth

A

terrorism and economic downturns

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4
Q

what continent has the most tourists

A

europe

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5
Q

why does europe have the most tourists

A

safer
centre of the world
easy access
many countries

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6
Q

between 1995 and 2020 how much has tourism increased

A

doubled

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7
Q

why is the percentage of tourists in africa so low

A

ebola
terrorism
natural disasters
lack of food and water

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8
Q

why is tourism good for countries

A

increase the number and variety of jobs
improve infrastructure
support local industries
increase in local and government tax revenues

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9
Q

what are two reasons why developing countries accept tourists?

A

set up a solid infrastructure

important to the countries economy

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10
Q

why has tourism grown in our country?

A 
more paid holidays
shorter working hours 
cheaper 
easier due to internet 
early retirement 
longer lives 
better access e.g. planes euro tunnel
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11
Q

what are the bad reasons of tourism in antigua e.g. how is it bad for them?

A

the country relies on tourism too much, once it’s gone so it’s gone
holidays are all inclusive so no money to the locals
countries are against homosexuals and bisexuals, as well as being racist
work re are low payed and low skilled
workers will never be promoted as the bosses won’t want to work

interior designing is a gay job

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12
Q

how does tourism benefit the U.K.?
how much a year
how many visitors
what number is it in most visited country in world

A

£85 billion a year
30 million overseas visitors
6th most visited country

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13
Q

are wet summers good or bad for the uk, explain why using an example

A

bad, people will go elsewhere to get sun eg spain

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14
Q

why are territory attacks bad for the uk use an example

A

people will avoid and go to somewhere they feel safe eg 7/7 underground attacks

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15
Q

is a weak pound good or bad for the uk explain why

A

good more people will come since they can get more for their money to spend over here

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16
Q

why is good publicity good for the UK use an example

A

olympics and creates an economical boost due to tourism

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17
Q

explain the different stages of the butler model

A

1) exploration- a small number of people begin to visit a natural area
2) involvement- small scale developments and businesses developed to encourage more people to visit here
3) development- infrastructure develops and bigger numbers come here
4) consolidation- the area is at it’s height of population and everything is full
5) stagnate
run down stuff everything drops in popularity and attracts wrong people
6) rejuvenate/ decay- the area has a choice either invests and make it good again or let it spiral to decent.
eg blackpool

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18
Q

why did blackpool develop in the first place

A

factory workers visiting
upper classes visited
blackpool tower opened
end of WW2 (FUBE)

coach travel
railway
industrial citizens visited
tower was built (CRIT)

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19
Q

how could it be seen that blackpool hit its crisis point?

A

visitor numbers dropped by 6 million
1000 hotels closed down
300 holiday flats closed
hotels were 25% full

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20
Q

rejuvenating blackpool, what was being done?

A
  • sandcastle rebranded in 2006 - £6.5M
  • tried to make it gay capital of north to appeal to all audiences
  • £10M spent on upgrading blackpool illuminations
  • £350M promenade built, sea defence too
  • Tried to build super casinos to be like LA but in UK
  • Big blue hotel only allowed families
  • built pleasure beach
  • cleaned up beaches and got 3 blue flag beaches - safe to swim etc now
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21
Q

did the rejuvenation work in blackpool?

A

the casino bid of £10M was turned down

the sea lost its blue flags

now known as smack city as highest users per population

1M less visitors in less 5 years

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22
Q

why is the sandcastle so successful?

A

never mind wether can attract anyone, has a tropical climate

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23
Q

what is the case study of mass tourism and what’s its definition?

A

Kenya in south east africa

large visitor numbers attracted to a particular place

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24
Q

what are the good benefits of mass tourism in kenya

A

tourists earned $1 billion
tourism is 15% of overall money
many jobs created
government is saving land

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25
Q

what are the bad results of mass tourism in kenya

A

tourists aren’t disposing food properly, animals eat it and die

feeding animals wrong diet

all inclusive holidays, all money goes back to rich owners not locals

savanna landscapes being destroyed by minibuses, 25m rule is broken, scare off the animals too so they don’t get food and their cubs die (cheetah)

prostitues aged 10+ are at 20,000, make 5x normal wage so it’s popular

terrorism scares people away eg the shooting of the nairobi shopping centre

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26
Q

what is ecotourism

A

a type of sustainable tourism which aims to take into the environment, cultural and social problems

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27
Q

what is being done to minimise problems with mass tourism in kenya?

A

-Kenyan National Tourism Master Plan-
add more tourist activities
distribute activities to spread out tourists
develop eco tourism

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28
Q

explain how to eselenkei scheme is working and what makes it eco tourist

A
  • only 12-18 people per lodge, smaller and harder to spot so it fits into environment
  • for every tree they use they plant two to ensure the eco system carries on
  • use local materials such as plantation gum wood, blends in- no concerted, cheaper and better for environment
  • no concrete- use a tripod foundation instead, no environmental footprint is left, also allows ground animals to pass undisturbed, safer for animals n humans
  • No electricity used- heat up water with tanks, make own energy, free and better for world, no fossil fuels
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29
Q

what is our extreme environment case study?

A

Antarctica

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30
Q

why are extreme environment holidays becoming more popular?

A

people become more adventurous, adrenaline junkies, covered by insurance, more accessible

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31
Q

what are the 4 types of extreme environments?

A

great cold - polar lands
very dry - hot deserts
great heights - high mountains
tropical - rainforest

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32
Q

why is antarctica an extreme environment

A

coldest recorded temperature was -93.7*C

largest mountain- Vinson Massif 16,000ft 20km wide 13km wide

driest place on earth, 20cm of rainfall a year

fastest wind recorded- 200mph

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33
Q

what activities are there in antarctica?

A

penguin watching in the weddell sea

scuba diving

kayaking

hiking

husky rides

deception bay, watch seals whales n penguins (is the caldera of a supervolcano)

34
Q

what is being done to manage the problems in antarctica

A

cruise ships limited to 100 passengers at a time

5m rule of going near wildlife

visitor guide is given out of do’s and dont’s

35
Q

what are the impacts of the tourists in antarctica

A

raw sewage is pumped into the sea harming the eco system

ships ignore the passenger limit and use heavy oil which coats and harms penguins

only 2% of antarctica is ice free and this is where the tourists are, they destroy the fragile soil here

the new airstrips that are built ruin habitats and create noise pollution

36
Q

what are the future worries of tourism in antarctica

A

visitor numbers are expected to double in the next 10 years

the development of skiing and snowboarding will destroy the fragile landscape in the future

37
Q

what are the push factors in LICs

A

wars
droughts
poverty

38
Q

what are the pull factors in LICs

A 
entertainment
education
services
employment
shelter
39
Q

explain the order of the burgess model from in to out

A

CBD
Inner City
Suburbs
Rural

40
Q

explain the features of a CBD

A

centre
tall buildings
tall offices and shops
high land prices and rent leads to vertical zoning
main workplace lots of traffic in rush hour
few people live here
pedestrianised usually

41
Q

explain the features of the inner city

A 
next to historical core, area of old housing no longer in use
old high density terraced houses
old abandoned factories
high rise flats
pockets of redevelopment 
run down
ethnic segregation
42
Q

explain the features of suburbs

A 
semi detached/ detached
small shopping parades
modern housing with gardens and garages
expensive
low density housing (spread out)
windy roads
safer
43
Q

explain the features of a rural area

A

conflict between homeowners, industry and farm owners
where urban areas meet countryside mainly farming here
need panning permissions to live there
shopping centres found here
cheap land can build bigger
modern industries want to move here

44
Q

what problems is the cbd of halifax facing and how are they being solved, use examples

A

the poor weather- developing indoor activities such as the plaza complex

anti social behaviour- visible presence and more community officers e.g. street angels

congestion- pedestrianised zones such as bus lanes eg halifax

high land cost- vertical zoning eg tattoo shop above thomas cook

45
Q

why are run down areas redeveloped as brownfield sites

A

they are eye sores which put off investing/ living here
the building costs are less as the infrastructure is already there
unsafe for people as they can get injured messing around
points to potential unemployment and lack of opportunities
to save land and re use old land

46
Q

what is urban renewal?

A

“doing up” old homes such as in inner cities.
road markings done
front gardens added
double glazing windows added

47
Q

give an example of urban redevelopment and evaluate it

A

elland factory => valley mill apartments
run down and made into apartments
located next to train station so people bought them
train station didn’t re open and since the apartments were made fast and not the best standard the price dropped from £120,000 to £80,000

also dean clogging
was biggest carpet factory in UK
now 150 companies and 3500 jobs

48
Q

why is there segregation in halifax

A 
same language
same way of life
support systems for them
traditional foods/ shops in their areas
religion
safety in numbers
49
Q

what problems can segregation make in halifax

A 
racism 
no go zones
gangs
overcrowding
hate crimes
50
Q

where is rio de janeiro

A

south east brazil and south of south america

51
Q

explain the environment of rocinha

A 
poorly built unregulated homes 
unclear water (sewage)
graffiti and vandalism all around 
highest crime rate in rio
houses build on dangerous unsafe land
jobs are low paid 
strong community spirit 
all leisure takes place on roof tops
52
Q

what is being done to help Rocinha improve

A

self help schemes-
government provide materials to help improve buildings, doesn’t cost as much as hiring builders, could fall through as people could misuse the materials, provides jobs in short term, an ongoing scheme. helps fight disease and death

policing- there are two police forces in rio (BOPI and the UPP) the bopi is the swat team who use automatic weapons and can cause bad as people get caught in cross fire. the UPP are community based and attempt to gain trust back in the pigs.

53
Q

explain bedzed

A 
Beddingtom Zero Energy Development
opened in 2002
low energy consumption 
carbon neutral
built from recycled materials
safe walking routes and cycle lanes
300mm insulation jackets 
produces more energy than is used
solar energy 
uses solar 
sedum plants to gain water
54
Q

what is the birth rate?

A

number of live births per 1000 born

55
Q

what is natural increase?

A

birth rate higher than death rate

56
Q

what is natural decrease?

A

death rate higher than birth rate

57
Q

what is annual population change?

A

birth rate - death rate +/- migration

58
Q

what is migration?

A

movement of people into or out of an area

59
Q

why are hics birth rates low?

A

expensive to raise a child from 0-18 (£250,000)

emancipation

60
Q

why are lics birth rates high?

A

seen as assets (bigger man has more kids)
more money as they have more income for workers
many die (infant mortality)

61
Q

what type of DTM graph do Lics have?

A

pyramids, young people outnumber old, very few old people

62
Q

what type of DTM graph do Hics have?

A

leaf,low birth rate and low death rate so ageing population, working population

63
Q

what are the problems of rapid population growth?

A 
deforestation to make food/ space 
lack of services
overcrowding 
water, land and air pollution
resource shortages
unemployment
64
Q

what are the two ways population growth can be reduced?

A

education on sex and contraception as well as emancipation of women, as they start to lead the lives of men, either have kids at a later life or not at all

65
Q

what did the indian government do to reduce population growth?

A

compulsory sterilisation

66
Q

what was done to successfully reduce china’s population?

A

one child policy, use of money incentives, fear or losing job, community involvement, media, family planning programmes

67
Q

why do african counties such as Niger struggle with population size and are “non birth control policy” places?

A 
half population is under 15
men forbid contraception 
children are seen as workers
poverty
political instability 
war
lack of education
68
Q

why did china introduce the one child policy and how did they make it work?

A

only had enough resources for 1 billion people
wanted to become an economic super power

how-
disincentives such as
forced abortion, sterilisation, fined are fired from job

69
Q

what impacts did the one child policy have?

A

female infantcide- aborted females

30million more males(gender imbalance)

421 policy, one child had to have the financial burden of 5 people rather than 2+ in the past

little emperor syndrome- children were spoilt

birth tourism- had babies abroad so they could keep them

black children- illegal unregistered kids

granny police- slurs on prevents them women to met the gov know when someone was pregnant again

facing future economical problems due to many old people and not enough workers

70
Q

what are the UKs non birth control policy tactics?

A

anyone earning less than 50k a year gets extra money for every child they have

immigrants have 2.2 children on average compared to uks 1.6

a mother can have a whole year off work with 6 months paid

fathers can have 6 months without being fired

71
Q

is the uks birth control policy working

A

yes we are now the fastest growing population in europe

72
Q

what is migration?

A

movement of people to live in a different place, either within the country or to another

73
Q

what is emigration?

A

moving out of a country

74
Q

what are immigrants?

A

people who move to a country

75
Q

what are illegal immigrants

A

those who move to a country without the correct documents

76
Q

what are asylum seekers

A

people who are caught at customs and need to make a case to stay (basically illegal immigrants)

77
Q

what are the advantages of migration

A 
willing to take jobs 
being skilled people
send money back to families
transfer of knowledge
earn more money
78
Q

what are the disadvantages of migration

A 
family separated
loss of labour in home country
loss of skilled workers
increase in racial tension and discrimination 
strain on resources for country
79
Q

how many polish immigrants did crewe receive

A

3000

80
Q

what are the impacts of refugees in UK?

A

asylum seekers can’t work or get benefits until they are allowed to stay, can take upto 10 years. they are poor so rely on charity some work illegally too.

some people lie with their reasons, takes years to figure out, costs thousands and they cannot be found sometimes

many asylum seekers know nothing about the UK life, resulting in racism towards them

many refugees settle and contribute towards the society, uk becomes a cultural and more tolerant society and provides many goods and services they introduce.

Geography (5 decks)

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