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Geography > Paper 1 > Flashcards

Paper 1 Flashcards

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1
Q

What is a coastline?

A

a coastline is where the sea and land meet. they constantly change due to the action of the sea, weather and humans.

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2
Q

what are the characteristics of a destructive wave?

A 
weak swash
tall breaker
short wave length
strong backwash
breaks downwards with great force
12-15 per minute
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3
Q

what are the characteristics of a constructive wave?

A 
strong swash
weak backwash
long wave length
7-10 per minute 
long in relation to its height
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4
Q

what is a wave?

A

the movement of the wind across the surface of the sea

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5
Q

what is corrosion?

A

this is the chemical action of sea water. the acids in the salt water slowly dissolve rocks on the coast. limestone and chalk are particularly prone to this process.

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6
Q

what is attrition?

A

the process in which the coast is worn down by material carried by the waves. waves throw these particles against the rock, sometimes at high velocity.

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7
Q

what is corrasion/ abrasion?

A

materials carried by the waves bump into each other and so are smoothed and broken down into smaller particles

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8
Q

what is hydraulic action?

A

the waves enter cracks (faults) in the coastline and compress the air within the crack. when the wave retreats the air in the crack explodes quickly. causing a mini explosion, this carries on continuously

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9
Q

explain traction

A

some heavy rocks get dragged across the sea bed by the water. because they are too heavy to float

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10
Q

explain saltation

A

some rocks get picked up by the sea, then dropped right away. the rocks bounce off the seabed and move forward

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11
Q

explain suspension

A

some small rocks get lifted by the sea and are carried to the shore eg clay

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12
Q

explain solution

A

these rocks are alkali and dissolve into the water. then it is carried onto the sea shore

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13
Q

explain mechanical weathering

A

1) water seeps into joints
2) water freezes overnight and expands in volume by 8% (10% is ok)
3) the ice thaws and freezes countless times which applies pressure on the rock
4) the rock shatters which creates scree

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14
Q

what is biological weathering?

A

1) seeds blow into joints and grow
2) roots develop and widen the joints
3) joints break apart
4) small pieces of scree are developed

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15
Q

what is chemical weathering?

A

1) rain mixes with gases (co2) in the air
2) acid rain falls into rock (limestone)
3) acid rain dissolves the metal carbonates of the limestone
4) the process is known as solution

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16
Q

explain slumping?

A

slow
series of steps
rainwater saturates the rock until it starts to slowly slump down
occurs in Holderness Coastline

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17
Q

explain sliding (landslide)

A

sudden collapse
in hard rock areas
eg beachy head

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18
Q

how is a bay formed

A

waves erode the soft rock inbetween the headlands, soft rock eg clay. via abrasion (sea throwing material)
the remaining hard rock is known as headlands and the soft rock that’s eroded is known as a bay

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19
Q

explain cliff erosion/ how a cliff collapses

A

destructive waves throw sediment at base of the cliff (abrasion) known as undercutting. creates a wave cut notch, makes it unstable.
the process repeats itself as the wave cut platform grows in length until the cliff collapses under gravity.

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20
Q

explain how a cave, arch, stack and stump are caused in order.

A

destructive waves attack a fault in a headland via abrasion and enlarge it. repeats until a cave is formed.
back of cave is eroded through to form an arch
roof of arch collapses as it’s base is widened via sea erosion.
makes a stack
stack is undercut and collapses to make a stump

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21
Q

why is the holderness coast the fastest eroding coastline

A

made of soft boulder clay

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22
Q

what happens south of protected areas on the holderness coast

A

waves are refracted and target the unprotected area

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23
Q

where does the fetch come from to reach the holderness coast?

A

norway

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24
Q

explain LongShore Drift

A

the movement of sediment along the coastline. enters with a 45 degree angle (swash) and exits at 90 degree (backwash)
meaning material is drifting along the beach

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25
Q

how much metres of farmland is lost each year on the holderness coast

A

2m a year

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26
Q

how much have houses prices dropped by on the holderness coast

A

90%

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27
Q

how much did hornseas sea wall to make

A

£8 million

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28
Q

how is a spit formed (spurn head)

A

one end is attached to land other is attached to open sea
by LSD, when the sea is slowed deposition takes place. fresh water and sea water are trapped behind the spit.
as the spit extends into deeper water the end of the spit is affected by strong winds and it curves

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29
Q

how is a bar formed

A

a bar is a ridge of sand and shingle that crosses the entrance to a bar, some go all the way across to cut off access via sea meaning it becomes a lagoon rather than a bay.

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30
Q

3 examples of hard engineering

A

rip rap
groynes
sea walls

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31
Q

3 examples of soft engineering

A

managed retreat
beach nourishment
sal marshes
sand dunes

32
Q

why does hornsea need to protect its coast

A

because 70% of the economy is tourism and if there were no defences their whole economy would collapse

9000people live there

33
Q

what is the case study for managed retreat

A

abbotts hall farm in essex

34
Q

what are the positives of managed retreat

A

provides habitats for animals such as herring fish

doesn’t cost anything, never needs preparing

35
Q

why can’t some places do managed retreat

A

some places can’t be moved back as there are attractions on the sea front e.g. blackpool

36
Q

how many islands does the maldives have and how many would be lost if the sea rose 20 inch

A

has 1191

953 would be lost if it rose

37
Q

why are the sea levels rising in the maldives

A

due to warmer seas expanding, global warming

and they are destroying their own natural sea wall for building

38
Q

what is the problem with the maldives and how is it being solved

A

90% economy is tourism
less than 3M about sea level.

hulhumale an artificial island being build, planning to become first carbon neutral country to stop global warming

39
Q

what river does spurn head meet

A

river humber

40
Q

what is being done to conserve spurn head

A

controlling tourism to stop nesting grounds disturbed

rebuilt groynes to build up beach and keep shipping lanes open

observatory opened to observe animals

41
Q

what are the two types of crust and which is heavier

A

oceanic and continental

oceanic is heavier

42
Q

what happens at constructive plate boundaries

A

they are moving apart, happens under the sea, gap is filled by volcanoes

43
Q

what happens at a destructive plate boundary

A

plates are moving together
oceanic crust sinks below the lighter continental crust. oceanic sinks into mangle where is melts in the subduction zone. energy released causes a volcanic eruption and fold mountains

44
Q

what happens at a conservative boundary

A

they slide past each other. meet and pressure builds until they jerk past each other causing an earthquake (san andreas fault)

45
Q

what happens at a collision boundary

A

both continental and collide. causing folds (anticline and syncline) can lead to fold mountains

46
Q

tourist uses of fold mountains

A

bass jumping
skiing
mountain climbing

47
Q

human uses of the alps

A

tourism and sport (st moritz)
Hydro electric power
farming (transhumance)

48
Q

what are the two types of volcanoes and explain them

A

composite-
viscous lava, means steep volcano.
destructive plate boundaries
violent eruptions eg Mt St. helens

Shield Volcano-
constructive plate boundaries
runny leave can flow far away
gentle slopes
gentle eruption 
1:20 metre ratio (height:width)
49
Q

how are volcanic islands formed eg Hawaii

A

strong convection current breaks through weaknesses in the crust to form a volcano on sea floor.
the volcano rises to form a active shield volcano
as the plate moves the volcanic island becomes extinct as it moves off the hotspot
the island is eroded by the sea and becomes very small

50
Q

what were the effects of the Mt St. helens eruption

A 
57 deaths
Portland covered in ash cloud 
billions of damage
transport stopped
businesses obliterated 
230km zone destroyed 
mudflows 
good farming land now and now better technology
51
Q

give 3 features of the supervolcano we studied and the name

A

yellowstone
flat
invisible
magma chamber 3X size of NYC

52
Q

what are the three zones of a super volcano and explain them

A

pyroclastic-1000km radius- instant death to nearly 90,000- 300 degrees blast, 250mph volcanic bombs

Ash- 1000km radius- 500,000 deaths- body deformities via fluorosis, no crops

Gas/Aerosol- global impact- billions of deaths- 15 days to cover whole earth, volcanic winter

53
Q

why did the kashmir earthquake cause so much problems

A 
LIC 
lack of planning 
help came from other countries 
refused help from nearby countries (chinook choppers from pakis)
taliban (scared aid off with AKs)
couldn't afford real aid
corrupt builders (hospital)
54
Q

HIC eathquake and why so few people died

A

proper planning
search and rescue teams
good infrastructure e.g. space needle (p waves first let them know)

55
Q

why was the sri lankan train disaster so bad?

A

overcrowded train destroyed by the tsunami that followed the earthquake. carried 1,500 paid customers and over 200unpaid. should have been shut down cos of earlier earthquake

56
Q

why was the indian ocean tsunami so bad

A

epicentre in middle of 5+ countries. everyone was uneducated, it was too close to the epicentre to escape in time, many people ran to the beach, poor built buildings

57
Q

what were the responses to the indian ocean tsunami

A

within a week over £450 million in aid from all over world brought- medicines body bags food etc
mass graves

58
Q

what is exfoliation/ onion skinning weathering

A

sun heats rock, causing it to expand.
during night it cools down and contracts
repeats and small pieces of rock being to flake and fall off

59
Q

what is the granite case study

A

dartmoor in the south west of england

60
Q

how are exposed batholiths formed

A

granite is formed millions of years ago in dome shaped magma called batholiths.
the soft rock either side get eroded and leave the batholiths exposed

61
Q

what are tors?

A

blocks of rocks on top of each other found on flat topped moorland. range from 5-10m and are surrounded by weathered materials

62
Q

what are the uses of granite

A

gravestones as take ages to erode
sheep farming as good soil
army camp training
riprap

63
Q

explain the london aquifer and it’s advantages/ disadvantages

A

clay,chalk,clay. chalk acts as sponge and holds water
advantages: clean water, long term supplies, easy to obtain

disadvantages; finite amount, longtime to replace, cannot increase capacity

64
Q

what is our limestone case study

A

malham

65
Q

what is a limestone pavement

A

where acid rain seeps into joints in the massive limestone and widening them causing bedding panes (clints and grykes)

66
Q

2 ways limestone landscapes are used

A

sheep farming

rock climbing

67
Q

2 features of limestone landscapes

A

thin souls

intermittent drainage

68
Q

give 2 uses of limestone

A

toothpaste

cement

69
Q

how are swallow holes formed

A

1) acid rain falls to the ground and forms river
2) the river makes joints in the rock wider via chemical weathering
3) chunks of weaker limestone fall away to create swallow hole
4) the river goes into the rock and disappears into a swallow hole eg gaping gill

70
Q

how are caves turned into cavern

A

swallow holes carry on being eroded by chemical weathering, cause caves and carries on until the cave enlarges to make a cavern

71
Q

how are limestone gorges formed

A

the underground caverns roof begins to get weathered down via chemical weathering. the roof becomes unstable and it finally collapses to create a gorge

72
Q

how are stalactites, stalagmites and pillars formed

A

1) acid rain falls onto limestone land form
2) water seeps into joints
3) stalactites are formed when water trips into the cave and evaporates, can take 10,000of years
4) stalagmites form when limestone falls into the floor and builds up over time
5) pillars are formed when the two meet
example white scar cave

73
Q

how do resurgence form

A

water floods through the swallow hole to form an underwater river.
the water re appears on top of the impermeable rock as a spring

74
Q

ingleton advantages, disadvantages

A 
employment 
raw materials for building
non sustainable 
destroys habitats 
noisy 
ugly 
lorry traffic on B6225
school had to be moved cos was in way of lorries dangerous
75
Q

how can abandoned quarries be used

A

tourism- eden project- already got solid foundations

landfills- blackley- already prepared hole ready

motocross- flappits- course is made and is perfect for biking, making ramps etc

Geography (5 decks)

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