Paper 2 Flashcards
Why has the demand for food increased?
Population has increased - 8 billion people on the earth
More people = more demand for food
Why is the demand for food changing in the uk?
Exotic foods - people’s incomes have increased so they have afford exotic food, spices and coffee has become more popular
Seasonal food - certain items are unable to grow due to the weather
Organic food - people choosing to have food which has no pesticides
What is a food Mile?
The distance food has traveled to reach the consumer
What is carbon footprints?
The amount of greenhouse gas produced during an activity
What is organic farming?
When it doesn’t have pesticides
Produce food using natural substances and processes such as manure
What is agribusiness?
Making money from farming
When a farm is run like a large industrial business, they are large scale, money intensive commercial activities
What is agribusiness?
Making money from farming
How does the demand for water vary across the uk?
The north and the west gets loads of it, the east and south don’t get very much
Why has the demand for water increased?
Population - more people in the world (8 billion+) will require more water.
Water intensive appliances - more people using appliances such as washing machines and dishwashers
Crops- more people in the world (8 billion+) will require more food. Food requires water (irrigation) to grow.
What is ground water?
Water that is found underground in the cracks and spaces in soil, sand and rock
How is this being polluted?
Fertilisers and pesticides- leak into the soil when it rains
Vehicles - run off from vehicles seeps into the soil
What is a water transfer scheme?
Moving water from areas of surplus to areas of deficit
Surplus - lots
Deficit - not a lot
An example is the kielder water transfer scheme
How and why is the uk energy mix changing?
In 1990 we relied on coal
In 2020+ we had a massive shift to renewable energy
We weren’t using renewable energy in 1990 because there was no technology to use it (better technology now)
We can’t use coal anymore because coal mines are shut, they all closed.
How are we exploiting energy in the uk?
Fracking - drill a hole in the floor, put a pipe through it and put high power water or chemicals through the pipe, It will crack the layer of rock.
Exploiting - taking advantage
Might of deforestated the area and might make you move to get it underneath the ground
What are the impacts of fossil fuels use?
Economic - fracking is expensive
- can trade it around the world
Environmental - releasing co2
- earthquakes
What is water insecurity?
Water insecurity is defined as a lack of water
Describe global patterns of water insecurity?
Africa has water insecurity - climate related
China and India have water insecurity - how much they have used it. Too many people and factories
Why has the demand for water inscreased?
Population - more people in the world (8 billion +) will require more water
Factories - more people in the world will require more products. Products are made in factories which use lots of water to operate.
How does climate affect water supply?
In hotter climates, water evaporates from rivers, lakes and seas quicker
Climate change is altering the total amount of rainfall areas receive.
This is making places drier and increased the risk of drought.
How does geology affect the water supply?
Geology - rocks
Impermeable rock - impossible (does not) absorb the water and runs off into lakes and rivers, increasing supply
Permeable rock - it is possible for the water to travel through and will end up in the ground water
What are the options for water conservation?
Grey water - using used water for certain activities e.g watering plants
Improve infrastructure- improve pipes to ensure there are no leaks
Hosepipe bans - limit water used for certain activities e.g watering gardens
What are waterborne diseases?
Waterborne diseases come from dirty, polluted or contaminated water supplies
Diseases include cholera and typhoid
What is the impact of water insecurity on food production and industrial output?
Reduced food production- watering (irrigating) crops uses a lot of water. Less water = less crops. This can lead to starvation.
Reduced Industrial activity- factories require lots of water to produce products. Less water = less products. This can lead to job losses and money lost from the economy
What are the pros and cons of water transfer schemes?
Increases water in areas of deficit
Expensive to set up. Usually uses tax payer money
What are the pros and cons of dams and reservoirs?
Pros
- Can be used to generate hydroelectric power (HEP)
- Can control water flow e.g when in times of deficit or surplus
Cons
- Expensive to build
- Causes flooding
What is the Large scale water transfer scheme
China south to north
Water getting piped from south to Beijing.
What is the small scale water transfer scheme?
Kenya sand dams
- Cheap material
- water behind it stores it and takes it out in buckets. (Traps water)
- stops them from walk miles for water.
Have to build dams because it’s really hot and for the rest of the year they wouldn’t have any water.
If you are measuring the development of a country, what are you measuring?
Development = money
How much money they have got
What are the three country classifications?
LIC
HIC
NEE
What does HDI stand for?
Human development index
Between what numbers is it measured?
0-1
What three things does it measure?
Education (how many years you have gone to school for)
Gni (gross national income)
Life expectancy
What is uneven development/development gap?
Development = money
Gap = difference
The difference of money between rich and poor countries
How can a countries development be measured?
Birth rate - babies born
Death rate - how many people are dying
Life expectancy - age expected to live to
Infant mortality rate - babies die before 1
GNI/GNI per capita - total of all money/population
What are the physical causes of uneven development?
Physical = natural
Hot climate - can’t grow crops = make no money
Mountains - can’t grow crops = mo factories
- nothing to sell = no trade
What are the economic causes of uneven development?
Money (debt) - can’t pay for healthcare and education
Farming (main job) - doesn’t make much money
What are the historical causes of uneven development?
Colonialism- rich take over poor
War - weapons and damaged buildings
Why might uneven development cause people to migrate?
Migrate - leave or move
People will move to try get a better quality of life, to get better jobs and more money
What strategies can reduce the development gas?
Investment - invest in structures
Aid - money, food and water, tents
Fairtrade - money for farmers
Microfinance loan - small amount of money
Industrial development - TNC build factories
Intermediate technology - solar light, children can study at night.
Debt relief - cancel debt, pay for healthcare and education Farming
Describe the location of Nigeria?
- Africa
- north west on a compass (map)
- next to Atlantic Ocean
Regional importance of Nigeria?
- Exporting oil
- trade it around the world
- makes them loads of money, richest country in Africa
Global importance of Nigeria?
- exporting oil
- USA (America)
- China
Oil get sent them country’s
How is Nigeria’s rapid development affecting its industrial structure?
Primary - decreased
Secondary - increased
Tertiary - increased
What does TNC stand for?
Transnational corporation
What does TNC mean?
Company’s that are all over the world
Advantages of manufacturing TNC’s in Nigeria?
- local people get jobs
- money taxed by the government
Disadvantages of manufacturing TNC’s in Nigeria?
- shell can leave at any time
- oil spills in Nigeria (delta)
- all profits go into the UK.
What is globalisation?
Globalisation- the world
The world becoming more connected through technology and transport
How has globalisation caused economic change in the UK?
Primary - declined
Secondary - declined - factories in China - cheaper and easier to ship
Tertiary - increased - better technology/ transport
How are improvements in transport and infrastructure in the UK going to help the economy?
Plane (Heathrow third runway) - more places = more people = more people spending money
Train (HS2) - high speed train connecting London to Manchester
Boat (London gateway) - made the ports and docks bigger to allow more import and export.
Import = comes in
Export = goes out
