Paper 2 Flashcards by Ciara Brady

How does geology cause upland landscapes?

The geology of the top half of uk is igneous and metamorphic rocks. This forms upland landscapes

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How does geology cause lowland landscapes?

Bottom half of uk is mainly sedimentary. Therefore form lowland landscapes

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How did past tectonic processes affect the landscape?

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How did past glacial processes affect the landscape?

Top half of uk: The ice pressed down on the landscape and eroded it in distinctive ways
Bottom half: Glaciation deposition

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How are sedimentary rocks formed?
And examples

Formed from sediments eroded and deposited by the rivers, sea or sea bed
Examples
Chalk
Carboniferous limestone
Clay

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How are igneous rocks formed?
And examples?

Made from magma
Example
Igneous

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How are metamorphic rocks formed?
And examples?

Igneous and sedimentary rock changed by heat or pressure
Examples:
Schists
Slate

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North and west of tees exes line?

Most rocks are older
Most resistant igneous and metamorphic rocks are found here
Older sedimentary rocks are found here

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South and east of the tees exes line?

Younger rocks
Weaker sedimentary rocks which erode easily

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What are two types of igneous rocks

Extrusive - e.g. obsidian
Instructive - e.g. granite

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How do weathering and climatological processes cause upland and lowland processes?

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How do post glacial river and slope processes cause upland and lowland landscapes?

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How does agriculture affect the landscape?

Trees have been cleared
Drainage ditches

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How does forestry affect the landscape?

Straight rows of trees
Variety of trees - typically deciduous buy coniferous trees have been planted for timber

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How does settlement affect the landscape?

As settlements grows they take over the landscape
E.g. rivers now run through underground tunnels

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What is mechanical weathering?

Physical weathering occurs when physical force breaks rock into pieces. In winter, cracks in the limestone rock will fill with rain. This freezes, expanding in volume which widens the crack so more water gets in. This repeats until rock breaks away.

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What is chemical weathering?

Any chemical change or decay in solid rock. Rainwater mixes with atmospheric gases to form weak acids which dissolve alkaline rocks such as limestone.

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What is biological weathering?

Although rocks look solid, small cracks allow plant roots to penetrate in search of water and nutrients. As they grow, root cells force the cracks apart, widening them and breaking the rocks into pieces

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What are landslides?

Large blocks of rock are weakened by weathering and slide downhill due to gravity

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What are slumps?

Saturated soil and weak rock slump along a curved surface

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What are rockfalls?

Large and small fragments of rock are continually weathered and eroded until they separate and fall from the cliff as whole parts

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What is hydraulic action?

The force of flowing water and creates cracks in the river bed and bank

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What is abrasion?

Rocks are carried along the river bed which wears it down

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What is attrition?

When stones collide together and smash into each other to create smaller rocks

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What are concordant coastlines?

Rock types are parallel to shore Forms coves

What are discordant coastlines?

Rock type perpendicular to coast Forms headlands and bays

How does temperature affect coastal erosion and retreat?

How does storm frequency affect coastal erosion and retreat?

How do prevailing winds affect coastal erosion and retreat?

How do headlands and bays form?

Discordant coastline

How do caves, arches and stacks form?

How do cliffs form?

How do wave cut platforms form?

Weather weakens the top of the cliff The backwash carries the rubble towards the sea forming a wave cut platform. The cliff front collapses time and time again The sea attacks the base of the cliff forming a wave cut notch The cliff continues to retreat

What is longshore drift?

When waves break at an angle to the coast, rather than parallel to it. It usually occurs in one direction and transports sediment along the coastline creating new landforms.

Characteristics of a destructive wave?

Strong winds Larger amplitude, shorter wavelength Strong backwash, eroding sand from the beach also forms a current The current is strong

Characteristics of a constructive wave?

Strong swash (transports sand up the beach) Backwash is slow because gentle slope (sand is deposited) Waves are small Long wavelength, low amplitude

How do spits form?

Direction of prevailing winds bring constructive waves and build up the beach LSD transports sediment towards the headland. A new beach is formed. A spit starts to form out at sea as sediment is deposited.

How do bars form?

Longshore drift causes sediment to be transported by prevailing winds and then deposited Sediment will be deposited in front of an old bay This sediment will build up blocking the old bay off from the sea

How do beaches form?

How does development affect the coast?

The weight of buildings increases cliff vulnerability Changes in drainage increases saturation Raises interest in protecting coastal landscapes

How does agriculture affect the coast?

Increased soil erosion Increased sedimentation Wildlife habitats may be created or preserved

How does industry affect the coast?

Can cause/ increase air, soil, water, and noise pollution Can destroy natural habitat as for birds, animals and sea life Brings wealth and jobs to an area

How does coastal management affect the coast?

Can increase erosion further along the coast Helps reduce risk of coastal flooding Some salt marshes, sand dunes and spits are preserved and protected

What is the significance of the location of the holderness coast?

What coastal defences are found at the holderness coast?

What problems have these defences caused (holderness coast)?

How are rising sea levels increasing the risk of coastal flooding.

How is storm frequency increasing the risk of coastal flooding?

What are the impacts of coastal flooding on people?

What are the impacts of coastal flooding on the environment?

What is hard engineering?

Construction of structures to control the flow/ reduce flooding of a river. To work against natural processes and tends not to be environmentally friendly. Strong and expensive

What is soft engineering?

Working with natural river processes to manage the flood risk. Does no involve building artificial structures

What are sea walls?

What are groynes?

What is beach replenishment?

What is slope stabilisation?

What is strategic realignment?

What is ICZM?

Integrated coastal zone management The holistic management of coasts

Characteristics of upper course of river?

Characteristics of middle course of river?

How does river width and depth change along the course of a river?

How does gradient change along the course of a river?

How does discharge change along the course of a river?

How does velocity change along the course of a river?

How does sediment size and shape change along the course of a river?

What is vertical erosion?

What is lateral erosion?

What is freeze thaw weathering?

What is solution (erosion)?

Dissolving of rocks such as chalk or limestone

What is traction?

Material that is too large to be carried by the river. Rolled along the river bed

What is saltation?

Where small pieces of rocks are bounced along the river bed

What is suspension?

When fine particles are carried within a river flow

What is solution (transportation)?

When dissolved materials is carried by the river

What is deposition?

What are the reasons for rivers slowing down and depositing material?

How are waterfalls formed?

In the upper course where water flows over hard and soft rock Eventually a step is created from hydraulic action, soft rock has eroded by erosion The hard rock has created and overhang, more erosion and happened and a plunge pool has formed and the overhang has no support Bits of the ledge speed up erosion in the plunge pool, the plunge pool gets deeper through abrasion and attrition

How are interlocking spurs formed?

How are meanders formed?

How are ox bow lakes formed?

How are flood plains formed?

How are levees formed?

How are deltas formed?

How does climate shape river landscapes and affect the sediment load?

How does geology shape river landscapes and affect the sediment load?

How do slope processes shape river landscapes and affect the sediment load?

What is peak discharge on a storm hydrograph?

The point of maximum river discharge caused by the storm

What is lag time on a storm hydrograph?

The time between peak rainfall and peak discharge. Many factors affect the lag time such as weather, vegetation and manmade surfaces

What is the rising limb on a storm hydrograph?

The period of rising river discharge following a period of rainfall

What is the falling limb on a storm hydrograph?

The period of time when the river discharge is falling after it has reached peak discharge

How does geology affect storm hydrographs?

How does soil type affect storm hydrographs?

How do slopes affect storm hydrographs?

How does the drainage basin type affect storm hydrographs?

How do antecedent conditions affect storm hydrographs?

How does urbanisation affect storm hydrographs?

How does deforestation affect storm hydrographs?

How is the increased frequency of storms increasing flood risk in the UK?

How is land use change increasing flood risk in the UK?

What are the threats of flooding on people?

What are the threats of flooding on the environment?

What are flood walls?

What are embankments?

What are flood barriers (floodgates)?

What are demountable flood barriers?

What is flood plain retention?

What is river restoration?

What are the differences in population density and age structure between urban and rural areas?

What are the differences in economic activities and settlement between urban and rural areas?

How do enterprise zones reduce differences in wealth?

How does transport infrastructure reduce differences in wealth?

How does regional development reduce differences in wealth?

How has migration affected the distribution of people in the UK?

How has migration affected the age structure of the UK?

How has uk immigration policy increased ethnic and cultural diversity?

Why have primary and secondary industries declined in the UK?

Why are tertiary and quaternary sectors growing in the uk?

How has globalisation increase FDI in the UK?

How has privatisation increased FDI in the UK?

How have free trade policies increased FDI in the UK?

What are the advantages of TNCs in the UK?

What are the disadvantages of TNCs in the Uk?