Paper 1 Flashcards
What happens in a Hadley cell?
Between 0 and 30 north and south of the equator
Warm moist air rises and travels whilst forming clouds because water vapour condenses
What happens in a Ferrell cell?
As air moves north and south of the equator towards 30
Here the warm air has cooled down with height and now cold, dry air is sinking and travelling east
What happens in a polar cell?
Cool air sinks back down to earth
The air is still moving west towards 60 north and south of the equator. Some air is transferred to Ferrell cell which will travel to the equator
How is cool air returned back to the equator or towards the poles?
Air completes the cycle and flows back towards the equator as the trade winds
What are ocean currents?
In the North Atlantic cold, salty water is heavy and sinks
This sets up a convection current which drags surface water down
The current draws warmer salty water over the ocean surface from area near the equator
This cools and sinks and flows south toward the equator where it is warmed again
Focus
The point of origin of an earthquake
ITCZ
A narrow zone of low pressure near the equator where northern and southern air masses converge
Safari Simpson scale
Hurricane scale
5 categories
Richter scale
Magnitude of earthquakes
How do orbital changes cause climate change?
The earths orbit is sometimes circular, and sometimes more oval
The earths axis tilts. Sometimes it is more upright and sometimes more on its side
The earths axis wobbles.
Changes called milankovitch cycles
Can be hotter or cooler
How can volcanic activity cause climate change?
Volcanic eruptions produce
Ash and sulphur dioxide gas
Stops some sunlight
Cools planet and lowers the average temperature
How can sunspots cause climate change?
Black areas on the suns surface
Lots of spots means more solar energy being fired out.
How can asteroid collisions cause climate change?
The impact releases ash and dust into the atmosphere
Cools the climate because it blocks the sunlight
How can climate change evidence come from tree rings?
Find out by the trees experiences.
Periods of growth can be seen from the number of rings in a tree
How can climate change evidence come from ice cores?
Trapped in ice layers are air bubbles. These preserve air from the time the snow fell.
Locked in the air bubbles is CO2
Climatologists can reconstruct past temperatures by drilling a core through ice and measuring the amount of trapped CO2 in ice layers
How can climate change evidence come from historical records?
Old photos, drawings and painting of the landscape.
Written records, such as diaries, books and newspapers
The recorded dates of regular events, such as harvests, the arrival of migrating birds and tree blossom
Enhanced greenhouse effect
The increased effectiveness of the greenhouse effect, believed to be the cause of recent global warming
What is the greenhouse effect?
A natural process where greenhouse gases trap the energy from the sun inside the earth’s atmosphere, warming the earths surface
How does declining sea ice provide climate change evidence?
The average sea temperature is increasing which is melting the ice
How do tropical cyclones develop?
Large, still warm ocean whose surface temperatures is greater than 26.5c
Strong winds
Coriolis force
How do tropical cyclones intensify?
Warm water
Warm moist air
How do tropical cyclones dissipate?
Lack of water (no energy)
Lack of warm moist air
What is the eye of a cyclone?
An area of a tropical cyclone with extremely low pressure and calm conditions.
What is the eyewall of a cyclone?
An area of a tropical cyclone with the most intense, powerful winds and torrential rain.
What happens at the edge of a cyclone?
Coriolis force causes rising currents of air to spiral around the centre of the tropical cyclone.
What physical hazards do tropical cyclones cause?
Strong winds
Storm surges
Intense rainfall
Landslides
Coastal flooding
What impacts do these physical hazards have on people?
Loss of homes
Deaths
Destruction of buildings
Loss of global communication
What impacts do these physical hazards have on the environment?
Destroys habitats
Ecosystems messed up
Deforestation
Why may a country have physical vulnerability to a cyclone?
Low lying
Coastal
Why may a country have economic vulnerability to a cyclone?
It’s expensive to repair
Why may a country have social vulnerability to a cyclone?
Kills people
How is forecasting used to respond to/ prepare for tropical cyclone?
Allows for evacuation
Educate people on cyclones
How is evacuation used to respond to/ prepare for TCS?
Less people will die because they are already gone
Lower death toll
Still buildings suffer
Helps emergency services control the situation
How is defences used to respond to/ prepare for TCS? (Provide examples)
Not very effective
Could absorb some of the energy of the storm
Examples
Beach nourishment
Creating reefs and wetlands
Artificial islands
What are the characteristics of the core?
Inner = solid
Under huge pressure
Outer = liquid
Under low pressure
Consists of iron and nickel
What are the characteristics of the mantle?
Upper part called asthenosphere
Beneath the earths crust lies the mantle
Convection currents occur within lower mantle
What are the characteristics of the crust?
Continental
Forms the land
Made of granite
Oceanic crust
Under the oceans
Denser than continental
How do convection currents cause tectonic plates to move?
Convection cells where heat moves towards surface called plumes
Some plumes rise and form divergent plate boundaries at the surface
What are convergent plate boundaries?
A plate boundary where two plates are moving towards each other
What are divergent plate boundaries.
A plate boundary where two plates are moving away from each other
What are conservative plate boundaries?
A plate boundary where two plates are moving alongside each other
Shield volcanoes?
Where form
What look like
Type of lava
Hazards
Form at constructive plate boundary
Low with gentle sloping sides
Basaltic lava
Takes longer to cool so flows over longer distances
Composite volcanoes?
Where form
What look like
Type of lava
Hazards
Found at destructive plate boundary
Steep slopes
Infrequent but violent eruptions. Andesite lava
Lava flows. Travels only short distance before cooling
What are hotspots?
An area where unusually hot magma breaks through the middle of a plate and travels up to the surface, creating a volcano.
How do earthquakes occur at convergent boundaries?
Friction builds
Violent earthquake
How do earthquakes occur at divergent boundaries?
Friction builds
Small earthquake
How do earthquakes occur at conservative boundaries?
Friction build up
Rare but very destructive because it’s close to surface
How do shallow focus earthquakes occur?
Friction between plates
Causes a very destructive earthquake because it is so close the the surface
How can earthquakes cause tsunamis?
Earthquakes beneath the sea bed can generate a tsunami
Fault cause water to be pushed upwards
What is GDP per capita?
The value of all produce and spending within a country divided by the population
What is birth rate?
Number of live births per 1000 people per year
What is death rate?
Number of deaths per 1000 people per year
What is fertility rate?
Average number of births per woman
What is infant mortality rate?
Number of children per 1000 live births who die before their first birthday
What is maternal mortality rate
Number of mothers per 100 000 who die in childbirth
What does the clark fisher model explain
Changes in employment structure as countries develop their economies
What is HDI?
A standard means of measuring human development
How does fertility rate change as a country develops?
Falls
How does mortality rate change as a country develops?
Falls
What does a developing country’s population pyramid look like and why?
Low life expectancy
High amount of youth
Looks like a pyramid (as age increases number does)
What does a developed country’s population pyramid look like and why?
High life expectancy
Roughly the same width for all ages
Because better health care for elderly and higher wealth for government to distribute.
How can climate affect development?
Water shortages as temperatures rise
Food shortages caused by variable rainfall and increased drought
How can topography affect development?
Harder to develop if a hilly terrain
Could be low lying therefore being vulnerable to flooding
How can education affect development?
Better knowledge economy for the future
Could be a pull factor
How can health affect development?
Longer life expectancy leading to a longer life of working
How can colonialism affect development?
Still have a foothold in the country
Control development and it can lead to lack of control for country
How can neocolonialism affect development?
Profit for developed countries
How can economic and political factors affect development?
Trade is a big part of developemnt
How can global inequalities cause consequences in education?
How can global inequalities cause consequence in health?
How can global inequalities cause political consequences?
How can global inequalities cause environmental problems?
What happens at the traditional society stage of rostows modernisation theory?
Most people work in agriculture but produce little surplus
This is a subsistence economy
Preconditions for take off?
There’s a shift from farming to manufacturing. Trade increases profits which are invested into new industries and infrastructure. Agriculture produces cash crops for sale.
Take off?
Growth is rapid. Investment and technology create new manufacturing industries. Take off requires investment from profits earned from overseas trade
Drive to maturity?
A period of growth. Technology is used throughout the economy. Industries produce consumer goods.
Mass consumption?
A period of comfort. Consumers enjoy a wide range of goods. Societies choose how to spend wealth (military, healthcare, education or luxuries for wealth)
What is franks dependency theory?
Theory developed by economist Andre frank that describes development using two types of global region (core and periphery)
How does globalisation cause countries to become more connected?
Economic interdependence between countries
Increasing volumes and variety of trade
Increased spread of technology
International flows of investment into other countries
Outsourcing - using people in other countries to provide services because it is cheaper
Culture spread
How do TNCs increase globalisation?
Outsourcing connects countries
Top down development
When decision making about the development of s place is done by governments or large companies
Bottom up development
Experts work with communities to identify their needs, offer assistance and let people have more control over their lives, offer run by NGOs
Footloose
Companies that are able to locate anywhere there is high quality communication links
Why is the number of mega cities increasing?
Global population increasing
What is a mega city?
Area with more than 10 million people
Sometimes formed by merging two cities together
What are push factors?
Reasons why a person may feel they need to move away from a rural area
What are pull factors?
Reasons why a person may feel attracted towards living in the city
Brownfield site definition
Former industrial areas that have been developed before
What are cities growing?
Rural - urban migration
Natural increase
Define net growth
The number left after subtracting those leaving from those arriving
What is formal work?
Work agreed in a contract with regular income and safe working conditions
What is informal work?
Self employed or temporary work, which provides a small wage and limited health regulations.
What is the primary sector?
Employment in raw materials
E.g. mining
What is the secondary sector?
Employment based in manufacturing
What is the tertiary sector?
Employment based on services
What is the quaternary sector?
Employment based on highly specialised knowledge and skill
Advantages of informal economy
Don’t pay tax
No set working hours
Encourages entrepreneurship
Produces cheap good
Provided casual employment (ideal for developing countries)
Cons of informal economy
No employment rights or protection
Pay tends to be low
No holiday
Dangerous
Long working hours
Poor working conditions
What is urbanisation?
A rise in the percentage of people living in urban area compared to rural areas
What is suburbanisation?
Migration to live on the periphery of a city or town
What is deindustrialisation?
A city with a declining economy and high levels of unemployment.
What is counter urbanisation?
Migration away from a city because of urban problems
What is regeneration?
A city tries to change its appearance or reputation through new building constructions
How is land used in the CBD?
Offices
Taller buildings than the rest
Higher density of buildings
How is land used in the inner city?
Older housing
Industries
Brownfield sites
How is land used in the suburbs?
Mainly residential
Terraced housing
Semidetached and detached housing
How is land used in the rural urban fringe?
Green belt and greenfield sites
Low rise buildings and retail parks on the city edge
Define ocean current
The predictable, continuous circulation of ocean water which transfers heat around the globe
