Paper 1 - Year 12 Mock Preparation Flashcards
Define Global Culture
Ideas, norms and values that are shared worldwide and are based on western ideas of consumption towards the environment. It has grown exponentially in recent history. E.G. Fast food culture and fast fashion.
Disability is still a negative identity (20)
- Gill - If you have feelings of pity towards disabled people and then you yourself become disabled, it’s hard to not attach those feelings to yourself.
- Zola - vocabulary used to describe disabled people such as deformed, diseased and disordered originates from discriminatory society who haven’t faced any disabilities.
- Disability Charity Scope UK - 2/3 of people felt awkward talking to a disabled person.
- Murugami - disabled people can now form self-identities based on what they can do. Blame now goes towards society if barriers against disabled people appear.
Ethnicity has greatest influence on family diversity (24) (For)
- Ballard - South Asian migrants in 1950s UK brought traditions such as gender roles and pre-arranged marriages with them.
- Berthoud - Females of different ethnicities can be placed on scale from old fashioned values to individualism. E.G. African-Caribbean most individualist, South-Asian most traditional.
- Platt - South Asians have larger family sizes. White - 16% have 4+ members, Bangladeshi - 49% have 4+ members.
Ethnicity has greatest influence on family diversity (24) (Against)
- Bourdieu - Parents possess cultural capital that help children do well in education in upper classes. Class more important.
- Giddens - People now have greater choice in which intimate relationships they want to pursue, leading to new family types. Sexuality most important.
- ## Weeks + Donovan + Heaply - Many homosexual people have chosen families as they are able to choose who is in their families.
Define Consumer Culture
Culture focused on the purchase and consumption of goods and services in society, greatly influencing values, activities and social statuses. E.G. Conspicuous consumption where people buy products to show off how much they cost and how much they have. E.G. Followers who worry about missing out on new trends and products.
Sexuality remains traditional (20)
- Goffman - Some people feel they have to hide their sexual identity due to fear of stigmatisation.
- McIntosh - Once a person accepts their homosexuality, they conform to societal expectations of how homoesexuals should act.
- Statistics - 55% of lesbians, gays or bisexual people faced homophobia in schools regularly.
- Giddens - Greater social acceptance due to rise in confluent love.
Nuclear family is most functional family type (24) (For)
- Murdock - Nuclear family is universal and serves 4 functions (economic, education, social, reproductive).
- Parsons - Nuclear family ensures men and women serve their natural roles. Men = breadwinner, women = caregiver.
- Murray - Underclass exists due to overly generous government benefits leading to single parent families with inadequate norms and values
Nuclear family is most functional family type (24) (Against)
- Benston - women raise future workforce and take care of men’s needs which benefits ruling class but not women.
- Giddens - People now more reflexive due to rise in confluent love. No best family type.
- Sommerville - Women now have much more choice about whether to marry and what type of family they want to be in. No best family type.
Social Class is no longer part of an individual’s identity (20)
- Mackintosh + Mooney - Upper class waning in numbers, replaced by self-achieved “super rich”.
- Hutton - Working class identities eroded due to dispersal of working class communities and manufacturing sector.
- Savage et al - Weak class identities as most people see themselves as “outside” social classes or as just “ordinary” individuals.
- Bourdieu - Power of ruling class ensures their children have an unfair advantage within society.
Define Values
Commonly held beliefs that are shared by a group of people within a community. This could be within a country, a religious group or a group within a country. E.G. British value is politeness and respectfulness, Christians value human life.
Ethnic identities are now hybridised (20)
- ONS - % of mixed race people increased from 2% to 10% between 2011 and now.
- Winston James - People in the UK have created a shared hybrid identity to protect against racism.
- Nayak - White wannabees as young white people influenced by black hip hop musics. Seen through their clothing, mannerisms and language.
- Giddens - Minorities have used technology to defend their culture. e.g. Mexicans in California
Nuclear family is still strongest family type (24) (For)
- Murdock - Nuclear family is universal and serves 4 functions (economic, education, social, reproductive).
- Parsons - Nuclear family ensures men and women serve their natural roles. Men = breadwinner, women = caregiver.
- Murray - Underclass exists due to overly generous government benefits leading to single parent families with inadequate norms and values
Nuclear Family is still strongest family type (24) (Against)
- Benston - women raise future workforce and take care of men’s needs which benefits ruling class but not women.
- Giddens - People now more reflexive due to rise in confluent love. No best family type.
- Sommerville - Women now have much more choice about whether to marry and what type of family they want to be in. No best family type.
Define High Culture
Ideas, norms and values within a society that are seen as high status. They are often seen as the highest achievements of humanity and can be seen as superior by some. They may also be often associated with highly educated people. E.G. Art galleries and ballet dancing.
Traditional femininity is rapidly declining as type of identity (20)
- Sharpe - School girl study.
- Young + Willmott - Roles of men and women have become more equal as men are more likely to take on equal share of housework and childcare.
- Jackson - Women adopt ladette culture and act in traditional ladish ways e.g. women display disruptive behaviour in education.
- Hardill et al - Most women still defer to husbands over big financial decisions such as mortgages and car purchases.
Define Norms
Behaviours or acts that the large majoirty of society agree with and conform to. People do this to fit in and “be normal”. E.G. Eating with knives and forks in Britain, smoking was normal in 1990s but is now replaced by vaping.
Age identities are rapidly changing (20)
- Postman - Children used to be greatly protected by parents but now childhoods are disappearing due to increased importance of media.
- Polhemus - Children can now adopt a wider variety of ideas to their identity due to internet.
- Palmer - Children now have more choice which leads to unstructured, toxic childhoods.
- Abrams - Youth is still a time for conforming to our peers and rebelling against social institutions.
Define Popular Culture
Culture that is enjoyed by the majority of the population. It’s sometimes called mass culture and can be seen as shallowed activities that are lesser than high culture. E.G. Watching football + Pub for young adults, fast food places in USA.
Masculinity is rapidly declining as form of identity (20)
- Young + Willmott - roles between men and women have become more equal, men more likely to take equal share of housework and childcare.
- Post Modernists - we longer accept traditional roles, we now choose aspects of both femininity and masculinity.
- Gershunny - men going through process of lagged adaptation where men are slowly accepting changing roles of women.
- Hardill et al - most women still defer to their husbands on big financial decisions.
