Paper 1 - Transport in Animals

Question 1

definition of osmosis

Answer 1

movement of water form an area of high water potential to an area of low water potential through a semi permeable membrane

Question 2

what is high water potential

Answer 2

concentration of water very high

distilled water = wp of 0 (highest)

Question 3

why can unicellular organisms rely of diffusion for transport

Answer 3

very large surface area to volume ratio
rate of diffusion very fast
substances can be absorbed and moved around quickly

Question 4

structure of heart

Answer 4

Top - right atrium, left atrium
Bottom - right ventricle, left ventricle

(remember left and right is reversed)

Question 5

describe the process of blood flowing through heart

Answer 5

deoxygenated blood enters heart from right atrium (from vena cava)
through tricuspid valve into right ventricle
from right ventricle through semi lunar valve out to the lungs through the pulmonary vein
becomes oxygenated in the lungs
oxygenated blood enters left atrium through pulmonary vein
travels down bicuspid valve into left ventricle
from left ventricle through semi lunar valve out of heart through aorta, which transports blood around body

Question 6

where is the tricuspid valve

Answer 6

on the right side of heart between right atrium and right ventricle

Question 7

where is bicuspid valve

Answer 7

on left side between left atrium and left ventricle

Question 8

which side is thicker of heart and why

Answer 8

left - it must pump blood to whole body not just to the lungs - more muscle needed

Question 9

purpose of valves

Answer 9

prevent backflow of blood

Question 10

describe effect of adrenaline or exercise on heart

Answer 10

muscles contract more frequently therefore need more oxygen and produce more carbon dioxide
adrenaline causes heart rate to increase - exercise causes rate to increase because receptors in aorta detect high CO2 and brain sends signals to heart to beat faster
the high heart rate causes CO2 to be removed faster and oxygen to be added faster
muscle cells receive more oxygen
can respire more
more energy produced
enables more contractions

Question 11

which is the artery for the liver

Answer 11

hepatic artery

Question 12

which is the vein connecting liver and gut

Answer 12

hepatic portal vein

Question 13

which is the artery for kidneys

Answer 13

renal artery

Question 14

where does adrenaline bind to

Answer 14

specific receptors in the heart

Question 15

three types of blood vessels and their functions

Answer 15

Arteries - carry blood away from heart
Veins - carry blood to the heart
Capillaries - involved in the exchange of materials at the tissues

Question 16

features of arteries

Answer 16

strong, thick, elastic walls to cope with high pressure
elastic fibres help it to expand walls
narrow lumen compared to thickness of wall
branch into capillaries

Question 17

features of veins

Answer 17

walls not very thick due to lower pressure
have valves to prevent backflow
large lumen bigger than arteries
elastic fibres

Question 18

features of capillaries

Answer 18

one cell thick wall - less distance of diffusion
narrow lumen
permeable walls
branch into veins

Question 19

composition of blood

Answer 19

plasma
red blood cells
white blood cells
platelets

Question 20

what is transported in plasma

Answer 20

everything

blood cells
nutrients
co2
urea
hormones
heat energy

Question 21

adaptations of red blood cells

Answer 21

biconcave shape for larger surface area for absorbing and releasing oxygen
haemoglobin reacts with oxygen to form oxyhaemoglobin which releases oxygen in cells
no nucleus for more space for haemoglobin for better oxygen transportation

Question 22

consequences of smoking

Answer 22

bronchitis
emphysema
smoker’s cough

Question 23

coronary heart disease description

Answer 23

fat rich diet/smoking
coronary arteries that supply blood to heart muscle - walls build up with fat
narrower lumen - blood flow restricted
lack of oxygen supplied to heart - leads to heart attack
also high blood pressure from smoking and being inactive damage walls of arteries which lead to increased chance of fat build up