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On the wild side > Paper 1: Topic 2 Organisation - Non-communicable diseases AND Topic 3 Infection & response - Communicable diseases (IV form) > Flashcards

Paper 1: Topic 2 Organisation - Non-communicable diseases AND Topic 3 Infection & response - Communicable diseases (IV form) Flashcards

1
Q

Describe the symptoms of HIV

A

Flu-like symptoms

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2
Q

Which type of tumour is not cancerous?

A

Benign - as it is not capable of spreading to other rissues

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3
Q

Explain what a parasite is

A

Parasites live on or inside other organisms and cause them harm by damaging their cells

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4
Q

How can measles be prevented?

A

By having a vaccination

Usually given as a Mumps, Measles and Rubella (MMR) vaccine

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5
Q

What is a vector?

A

An organism that spreads a pathogen or parasite to another organism

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6
Q

What is a benign tumour?

A

A mass of cells dividing uncontrollably but the mass of cells stays in one location

It does NOT invade other tissues

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7
Q

Describe how measles is spread

A

An infected person cough or sneezes

This releases viral particles in droplets into the air

An uninfected person inhales the droplets containing the viral particles

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8
Q

What is meant by the term metastasis?

A

The ability for cells to break off a tumour and spread in the blood to a different location

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9
Q

What is meant by the term health?

A

Health is the state of physical and mental wellbeing

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10
Q

Does a correlation prove that one variable causes the change in the other variable?

A

No

Correlations do not prove cause or effect

They ONLY show a pattern between the 2 data sets

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11
Q

Describe the problems with using mosquito nets help prevent the spread of malaria

A

Not everyone has access to mosquito nets

Some people do not want to use them as they find them claustrophobic

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12
Q

State 2 examples of causal mechanisms that have been proven scientifically

A

The effects of diet, smoking and exercise on cardiovascular disease.

Obesity as a risk factor for Type 2 diabetes.

The effect of alcohol on the liver and brain function.

The effect of smoking on lung disease and lung cancer.

The effects of smoking and alcohol on unborn babies.

Carcinogens, including ionising radiation, as risk factors in cancer.

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13
Q

Explain what causes the symptoms of gonorrhoea

A

The bacteria produce toxins that cause harm to the cells

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14
Q

Describe the symptoms of gonorrhoea in women

A
  • unusual green/yellow vaginal discharge
  • pain when urinating
  • painful and tender lower abdomen
  • bleeding between periods
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15
Q

Describe 4 general ways in which diseases can be reduced or prevented

A

Being hygienic

Destroying vectors

Isolating infected individuals

Vaccination

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16
Q

Define the term pathogen

and

Describe 3 ways in which pathogens can be spread

A

Definition of pathogen

A micro-organism that causes a disease e.g. bacteria, fungi

Spread of pathogens

  1. Water e.g. cholera
  2. Air e.g. measles, influenza
  3. Direct contact e.g. HIV, athlete’s foot
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17
Q

Describe how malaria is spread Hint: 5 stages

A

The female mosquito feed on the blood of an infected person

The female mosquito then feeds on another uninfected human or infected animal

The protists are transferred from the mosquito’s saliva into the uninfected person/animal’s blood

The protist travels to the liver of the human/animal

The protist reproduces inside the liver cells damaging the liver cells and also in the red blood cells causing them to rupture as well.

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18
Q

What are the two types of tumour?

A

Benign

Malignant

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19
Q

State the two categories that diseases can be divided into

A

Communicable diseases

Non-communicable diseases

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20
Q

Why is gonorrhoea harder to treat that salmonella?

A

The bacteria that causes gonorrhoea has become resistant to penicillin

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21
Q

Describe how gonorrhoea can be treated

A

Take antibiotics usually penicillin

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22
Q

Why do bacteria make us feel ill?

A

They produce waste products which are toxins for humans

These toxins damage cells and tissues

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23
Q

Why are cancer survival rates improving?

A

Increases medical advances

Improved treatments

Being able to diagnose cancers earlier

Increased screening programmes

Improved public awareness of early signs & symptoms

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24
Q

How can HIV be spread?

A

Through unprotected sexual contact

By exchanging bodily fluid e.g. drug users exchanging contaminated blood when sharing needles

HIV can also be passed from mother to the unborn fetus

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25
How do viruses make us feel ill?
They cause our cells to rupture The damage to the cells causes the symptoms that we feel
26
What is a communicable disease?
A disease that can be passed from one an infected human or animal to an uninfected human
27
What is cancer?
The uncontrolled growth and division of cells which form a tumour
28
What are protists?
Single-celled organisms
29
What is a positive correlation?
As one variable increases the other variable increases
30
What causes malaria?
protist (single-celled eukaryotic cell)
31
What are the signs and symptoms of measles?
Red skin rash Fever (high temperature) Sore, red eyes Small greyish-white spots on the inside of the cheeks
32
Are HIV and AIDS the same?
No HIV is the virus that causes damage to the body's cells AIDS is a collection of diseases the HIV positive person suffers from due to a weakened immune system
33
What are the possible complications of contracting measles?
A person with measles may develop pneumonia Measles can cause encephalitis Measles can cause complications to the unborn fetus in pregnant women Measles can be fatal
34
State what term is used to describe the role of the mosquito in spreading malaria
It acts as a vector
35
What is AIDS?
AIDS is a collection diseases and symptoms caused when a person with HIV has a weakened immune system This means the person is susceptible to other infections e.g. cancer, pneumonia TB,
36
Describe how can salmonella be prevented
Use a barrier contraception e.g. condom or femidom
37
Describe the symptoms of salmonella
Fever Stomach cramps Vomiting Diarrhoea
38
State what type of pathogen causes salmonella
Bacteria
39
When does AIDS occur?
At at the late stage of HIV infection when the body's immune system becomes so badly damaged it can no longer deal with other infections or cancers
40
State what type of pathogen causes measles
Virus
41
Describe the financial cost of non-communicable disease to society Hint: 4 effects
Cost of research into new treatments Cost of current treatments, recovery and recuperation Cost of adaptations to the person's home e.g. ramps, handles, wet rooms Possible loss of income into the house if the person is unable to work Reduction in country's workforce which can lead to a country's economy decreasing
42
State 4 examples of risk factors
Age Gender Obesity Alcohol Diet Smoking Occupation Genetics
43
State 3 examples of non-communicable diseases
Cancer Asthma Coronary heart disease
44
What is a secondary tumour?
A mass of cancerous cells that have formed in a second location from a primary tumour elsewhere in the body
45
Describe the problems with using insect repellants help prevent the spread of malaria
Some people experience side effects to the chemicals in the repellant Some species of mosquito are not repelled by the chemicals in the repellant
46
Describe 6 ways can salmonella be prevented
Keep raw food away from cooked food Store raw foods below other foods in a fridge (to prevent contamination) Wash raw fruits and vegetables thoroughly before eating Cook meat thoroughly Keep all kitchen surfaces and equipment clean Wash hands thoroughly - after going to the toilet, when handling raw meat, after changing nappies, after handling pets
47
Give an example of a genetic risk factor
Mutations in the BRCA gene is linked to an increased risk of breast and ovarian cancer
48
How can HIV be treated?
Taking antiretroviral drugs (to slow or stop the HIV virus from replicating)
49
Describe how salmonella can be treated
Replace lost body fluids Drink rehydration salts (to replace lost mineral ions and glucose) Take antibiotics (in severe cases)
50
Are viruses living?
No They can't reproduce on their own They can only reproduce inside a living host cell
51
What is a negative correlation?
As one variable increases the other variable decreases
52
What is HIV?
A virus
53
What is a tumour
A mass of cells that are growing and dividing in an unregulated way
54
If a person is obese, smokes and has a fatty diet will they get cancer?
No if a person has risk factors it does **not** mean they will ***GET*** the disease. It just means there is a higher RISK of them getting the disease
55
Explain what causes the symptoms of salmonella
The bacteria produce toxins that cause harm to the cells
56
What is a risk factor?
Risk factors are any variable that increase the chance of a person getting a disease or infection or condition
57
State 3 ways malaria can be prevented
Use insect repellants Use mosquito nets when sleeping Control the spread of the vector
58
State 5 examples of communicable diseases
Measles Malaria HIV Salmonella Gonorrhoea
59
Are protists eukaryotes or prokaryotes?
Eukaryotes This means they have a true nucleus and organelles
60
Describe the problems with controlling the vector to help prevent the spread of malaria
The mosquito has become resistant to the insecticides and pesticides Pesticides can accumulate in the food chain and kill/harm organisms higher up the food chain Mosquitos breed at a very quick rate and lay many eggs - they can lay eggs even in very small puddles It is effectively impossible to drain or use oil to cover all water reserves (every puddle, pond, lake, stream, river) It is difficult to encourage everyone to use mosquito nets
61
What is meant by the term correlation?
When there is a pattern between 2 sets of continuous data
62
How to viruses 'reproduce'?
They invade a living host cell They use the organelles e.g. ribosomes of the host cells to make copies of themselves As the number of viral particles increases inside the host cell it exerts pressure on the cell membrane The cell membrane ruptures releasing the viral particles (which then invade other host cells)
63
How does HIV cause us to be ill?
The virus damages cells in the person's immune system
64
State 3 examples of how a person's lifestyle can INCREASE their risk of having a disease
HIGH stress levels UNBALANCED diet POOR access to medical healthcare & medicines Smoking HIGH intake of alcohol
65
What is meant by the term causal mechanism?
A causal mechanism is one risk factor that may be partly responsible for a disease
66
What is a pathogen?
A micro-organism that can cause an infectious disease
67
What is a non-communicable disease?
A disease that can NOT be spread between people or animals.
68
What is a malignant tumour?
A mass of cells dividing uncontrollably Some cells can break off the tumour and spread in the blood to a secondary location It CAN invade other tissues
69
What are the typical characteristics of a non-communicable disease?
They are usually long lasting and degenerative (get worse over time) and can't not be spread
70
Describe the social cost of non-communicable disease Hint: 4 effects
High mortality (death) rates Lower quality of life for the person with the NCD Shorter life span Impact on family and friends e.g. acting as carers, emotion and financial strain
71
State 4 symptoms of malaria
**Recurring periods** of fever Headaches Vomiting Diarrhoea Muscle pains
72
Describe the symptoms of gonorrhoea in women
Unusual green/yellow discharge from the vagina Pain when urinating Pain in the lower abdomen Bleeding between periods
73
State 2 types of pathogen
Bacteria Protist Fungus Virus
74
State what type of pathogen causes gonorrhoea
Bacteria
75
State 2 examples of how diseases can interact with each other
Example 1: A person with a weakened immune system will have an increased risk of contracting an communicable diseases as their body is less likely to be able to destroy the pathogen Example 2: A person with the hepatitis virus is more at risk of of developing liver cancer Example 3: A woman with HPV (human papilloma virus) is more at risk of developing cervical cancer Example 4: A person with physical health problems is more at risk of developing depression
76
Describe 3 reasons why it is hard to eradicate the PROTIST that causes malaria
The protist is becoming resistant to the medical drugs used to treat malaria The protist lives inside the red blood cells and liver cells so it effectively 'hides' from the immune system At the moment there is no vaccine available

On the wild side (35 decks)

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