Paper 1: Topic 2 Organisation - Non-communicable diseases AND Topic 3 Infection & response - Communicable diseases (IV form) Flashcards
Describe the symptoms of HIV
Flu-like symptoms
Which type of tumour is not cancerous?
Benign - as it is not capable of spreading to other rissues
Explain what a parasite is
Parasites live on or inside other organisms and cause them harm by damaging their cells
How can measles be prevented?
By having a vaccination
Usually given as a Mumps, Measles and Rubella (MMR) vaccine
What is a vector?
An organism that spreads a pathogen or parasite to another organism
What is a benign tumour?
A mass of cells dividing uncontrollably but the mass of cells stays in one location
It does NOT invade other tissues
Describe how measles is spread
An infected person cough or sneezes
This releases viral particles in droplets into the air
An uninfected person inhales the droplets containing the viral particles
What is meant by the term metastasis?
The ability for cells to break off a tumour and spread in the blood to a different location
What is meant by the term health?
Health is the state of physical and mental wellbeing
Does a correlation prove that one variable causes the change in the other variable?
No
Correlations do not prove cause or effect
They ONLY show a pattern between the 2 data sets
Describe the problems with using mosquito nets help prevent the spread of malaria
Not everyone has access to mosquito nets
Some people do not want to use them as they find them claustrophobic
State 2 examples of causal mechanisms that have been proven scientifically
The effects of diet, smoking and exercise on cardiovascular disease.
Obesity as a risk factor for Type 2 diabetes.
The effect of alcohol on the liver and brain function.
The effect of smoking on lung disease and lung cancer.
The effects of smoking and alcohol on unborn babies.
Carcinogens, including ionising radiation, as risk factors in cancer.
Explain what causes the symptoms of gonorrhoea
The bacteria produce toxins that cause harm to the cells
Describe the symptoms of gonorrhoea in women
- unusual green/yellow vaginal discharge
- pain when urinating
- painful and tender lower abdomen
- bleeding between periods
Describe 4 general ways in which diseases can be reduced or prevented
Being hygienic
Destroying vectors
Isolating infected individuals
Vaccination
Define the term pathogen
and
Describe 3 ways in which pathogens can be spread
Definition of pathogen
A micro-organism that causes a disease e.g. bacteria, fungi
Spread of pathogens
- Water e.g. cholera
- Air e.g. measles, influenza
- Direct contact e.g. HIV, athlete’s foot
Describe how malaria is spread Hint: 5 stages
The female mosquito feed on the blood of an infected person
The female mosquito then feeds on another uninfected human or infected animal
The protists are transferred from the mosquito’s saliva into the uninfected person/animal’s blood
The protist travels to the liver of the human/animal
The protist reproduces inside the liver cells damaging the liver cells and also in the red blood cells causing them to rupture as well.
What are the two types of tumour?
Benign
Malignant
State the two categories that diseases can be divided into
Communicable diseases
Non-communicable diseases
Why is gonorrhoea harder to treat that salmonella?
The bacteria that causes gonorrhoea has become resistant to penicillin
Describe how gonorrhoea can be treated
Take antibiotics usually penicillin
Why do bacteria make us feel ill?
They produce waste products which are toxins for humans
These toxins damage cells and tissues
Why are cancer survival rates improving?
Increases medical advances
Improved treatments
Being able to diagnose cancers earlier
Increased screening programmes
Improved public awareness of early signs & symptoms
How can HIV be spread?
Through unprotected sexual contact
By exchanging bodily fluid e.g. drug users exchanging contaminated blood when sharing needles
HIV can also be passed from mother to the unborn fetus
How do viruses make us feel ill?
They cause our cells to rupture
The damage to the cells causes the symptoms that we feel
What is a communicable disease?
A disease that can be passed from one an infected human or animal to an uninfected human
What is cancer?
The uncontrolled growth and division of cells which form a tumour
What are protists?
Single-celled organisms
What is a positive correlation?
As one variable increases the other variable increases
What causes malaria?
protist (single-celled eukaryotic cell)
What are the signs and symptoms of measles?
Red skin rash
Fever (high temperature)
Sore, red eyes
Small greyish-white spots on the inside of the cheeks
Are HIV and AIDS the same?
No
HIV is the virus that causes damage to the body’s cells
AIDS is a collection of diseases the HIV positive person suffers from due to a weakened immune system
What are the possible complications of contracting measles?
A person with measles may develop pneumonia
Measles can cause encephalitis
Measles can cause complications to the unborn fetus in pregnant women
Measles can be fatal
State what term is used to describe the role of the mosquito in spreading malaria
It acts as a vector
What is AIDS?
AIDS is a collection diseases and symptoms caused when a person with HIV has a weakened immune system
This means the person is susceptible to other infections e.g. cancer, pneumonia TB,
Describe how can salmonella be prevented
Use a barrier contraception e.g. condom or femidom
Describe the symptoms of salmonella
Fever
Stomach cramps
Vomiting
Diarrhoea
State what type of pathogen causes salmonella
Bacteria
When does AIDS occur?
At at the late stage of HIV infection when the body’s immune system becomes so badly damaged it can no longer deal with other infections or cancers
State what type of pathogen causes measles
Virus
Describe the financial cost of non-communicable disease to society Hint: 4 effects
Cost of research into new treatments
Cost of current treatments, recovery and recuperation
Cost of adaptations to the person’s home e.g. ramps, handles, wet rooms
Possible loss of income into the house if the person is unable to work
Reduction in country’s workforce which can lead to a country’s economy decreasing
State 4 examples of risk factors
Age
Gender
Obesity
Alcohol
Diet
Smoking
Occupation
Genetics
State 3 examples of non-communicable diseases
Cancer
Asthma
Coronary heart disease
What is a secondary tumour?
A mass of cancerous cells that have formed in a second location from a primary tumour elsewhere in the body
Describe the problems with using insect repellants help prevent the spread of malaria
Some people experience side effects to the chemicals in the repellant
Some species of mosquito are not repelled by the chemicals in the repellant
Describe 6 ways can salmonella be prevented
Keep raw food away from cooked food
Store raw foods below other foods in a fridge (to prevent contamination)
Wash raw fruits and vegetables thoroughly before eating
Cook meat thoroughly
Keep all kitchen surfaces and equipment clean
Wash hands thoroughly - after going to the toilet, when handling raw meat, after changing nappies, after handling pets
Give an example of a genetic risk factor
Mutations in the BRCA gene is linked to an increased risk of breast and ovarian cancer
How can HIV be treated?
Taking antiretroviral drugs (to slow or stop the HIV virus from replicating)
Describe how salmonella can be treated
Replace lost body fluids
Drink rehydration salts (to replace lost mineral ions and glucose)
Take antibiotics (in severe cases)
Are viruses living?
No
They can’t reproduce on their own
They can only reproduce inside a living host cell
What is a negative correlation?
As one variable increases the other variable decreases
What is HIV?
A virus
What is a tumour
A mass of cells that are growing and dividing in an unregulated way
If a person is obese, smokes and has a fatty diet will they get cancer?
No if a person has risk factors it does not mean they will GET the disease.
It just means there is a higher RISK of them getting the disease
Explain what causes the symptoms of salmonella
The bacteria produce toxins that cause harm to the cells
What is a risk factor?
Risk factors are any variable that increase the chance of a person getting a disease or infection or condition
State 3 ways malaria can be prevented
Use insect repellants
Use mosquito nets when sleeping
Control the spread of the vector
State 5 examples of communicable diseases
Measles
Malaria
HIV
Salmonella
Gonorrhoea
Are protists eukaryotes or prokaryotes?
Eukaryotes
This means they have a true nucleus and organelles
Describe the problems with controlling the vector to help prevent the spread of malaria
The mosquito has become resistant to the insecticides and pesticides
Pesticides can accumulate in the food chain and kill/harm organisms higher up the food chain
Mosquitos breed at a very quick rate and lay many eggs - they can lay eggs even in very small puddles It is effectively impossible to drain or use oil to cover all water reserves (every puddle, pond, lake, stream, river)
It is difficult to encourage everyone to use mosquito nets
What is meant by the term correlation?
When there is a pattern between 2 sets of continuous data
How to viruses ‘reproduce’?
They invade a living host cell
They use the organelles e.g. ribosomes of the host cells to make copies of themselves
As the number of viral particles increases inside the host cell it exerts pressure on the cell membrane
The cell membrane ruptures releasing the viral particles (which then invade other host cells)
How does HIV cause us to be ill?
The virus damages cells in the person’s immune system
State 3 examples of how a person’s lifestyle can INCREASE their risk of having a disease
HIGH stress levels
UNBALANCED diet
POOR access to medical healthcare & medicines
Smoking
HIGH intake of alcohol
What is meant by the term causal mechanism?
A causal mechanism is one risk factor that may be partly responsible for a disease
What is a pathogen?
A micro-organism that can cause an infectious disease
What is a non-communicable disease?
A disease that can NOT be spread between people or animals.
What is a malignant tumour?
A mass of cells dividing uncontrollably
Some cells can break off the tumour and spread in the blood to a secondary location
It CAN invade other tissues
What are the typical characteristics of a non-communicable disease?
They are usually long lasting and degenerative (get worse over time) and can’t not be spread
Describe the social cost of non-communicable disease Hint: 4 effects
High mortality (death) rates
Lower quality of life for the person with the NCD
Shorter life span Impact on family and friends e.g. acting as carers, emotion and financial strain
State 4 symptoms of malaria
Recurring periods of fever
Headaches
Vomiting
Diarrhoea
Muscle pains
Describe the symptoms of gonorrhoea in women
Unusual green/yellow discharge from the vagina
Pain when urinating
Pain in the lower abdomen
Bleeding between periods
State 2 types of pathogen
Bacteria
Protist
Fungus
Virus
State what type of pathogen causes gonorrhoea
Bacteria
State 2 examples of how diseases can interact with each other
Example 1: A person with a weakened immune system will have an increased risk of contracting an communicable diseases as their body is less likely to be able to destroy the pathogen
Example 2: A person with the hepatitis virus is more at risk of of developing liver cancer
Example 3: A woman with HPV (human papilloma virus) is more at risk of developing cervical cancer
Example 4: A person with physical health problems is more at risk of developing depression
Describe 3 reasons why it is hard to eradicate the PROTIST that causes malaria
The protist is becoming resistant to the medical drugs used to treat malaria
The protist lives inside the red blood cells and liver cells so it effectively ‘hides’ from the immune system
At the moment there is no vaccine available
