PAPER 1 - The Skeletal & Muscular Systems Flashcards
- Joints. movements and muscles - Functional roles of muscles and type of contractions - Analysis of movement - Skeletal muscle contraction - Muscle contraction during exercise of differing intensities and recovery.
BAll & SOCKET JOINT
Movements Occuring at the Shoulder?
Key Muscles:
Articulating Bones -
Flexion, Extension, Abduction, Adduction, Horizontal Flexion/ Extension, Medial and Lateral Rotation, Circumduction.
Deltoid , Latissimus Dorsi, Pectoralis Major, Trapezius, Teres Major
Scapula, Clavicle, Humerous
HINGE JOINT
Movements Occuring at the Elbow?
Key Muscles:
Articulating Bones -
Flexion & Extension
Bicep Brachii & Tricep Brachii
Humerous, Radius, Ulna
CONDYLOID JOINT
Movements Occuring at the Wrist?
Key Muscles:
Articulating Bones -
Flexion & Extension
Wrist Flexors & Wrist Extensors
Radius, Ulna & Lunate
BALL & SOCKET JOINT
Movements Occuring at the Hip?
Key Muscles:
Articulating Bones-
Flexion, Extension, Abduction, Adduction, Medial and Lateral Rotation.
iliopsoas, gluteas maximus, medius and minimus
Extra Muscles - Adductor longus, Magnus & Brevis
Bones - Femur & Pelvic Girdle
HINGE JOINT
Movements Occuring at the Knee?
Key Muscles:
Articulating Bones-
Flexion & Extension
Bicep Fermoris & Rectus Femoris
Femur, Tibula, Patella
HINGE JOINT
Movements Occuring at the Ankle?
Key Muscles:
Articulating Bones-
Dorsi-Flexion & Plantar-Flexion
Tibialiis Anterior, Soleus, Gastrocnemius
Talus, Tibia , Fibia
PLANES OF MOVEMENT
Sagittal Plane
Movements that can occur:
Divides the body into left and right halves down the midline.
Flexion, Extension, Hyperflexion/ Hyperextension, Dorsi/ Plantar flexion
PLANES OF MOVEMENT
Frontal Plane
Movements that can occur:
Divides the body into anterior (front) and posterior (back) halves.
Abduction & Adduction
PLANES OF MOVEMENT
Transverse Plane
Movements that can occur:
Divides the top and bottom of the body
Horizontal Flexion & Horizontal Extension
ROLE OF MUSCLES
Agonist
Muscle responsible for creating movement at a joint
The prime mover of a muscular contraction
ROLE OF MUSCLES
Antagonist
Muscle that opposes the agonist providing resistance for coordinated movement.
either relaxes or contracts to allow the agonist to produce movement
ROLE OF MUSCLES
Fixator
Muscle that contracts to stabalise an area of the body to enable effiicient movement.
allows MUSCLE ACTION MOVEMENT
TYPE OF CONTRACTION
Isotonic Contraction
A muscle contraction which causes a chage in length whilst also producing tension.
Creates movement at a joint
TYPE OF CONTRACTION
Isometric Contraction
A muscle contraction where the muscle stays the same length whilst producing tension.
TYPE OF CONTRACTION
Concentric Contraction
A muscle contraction which shortens whilst producing tension.
Eccentric Contraction
A muscle contraction which lengthens whilst producing tension.
THE MOTOR UNIT
Motor Neurone
A nerve cell which conducts a nerve impulse to a group of muscle fibres.
THE MOTOR UNIT
Motor Unit
The combination of an individual motor neurone and all the muscles fibres it supplies with nerve impulses.
THE MOTOR UNIT
Action Potential
Positive electrical charge inside the nerve and muscle cells which conducts the nerve impulse down the neuron and into the muscle fibre.
Dendrites collect the signals, axon transmits the signal.
Signal is transmitted to Neuromuscular Junction
THE MOTOR UNIT
Neurotransmitter
A chemical reaction produced and secreted by a neuron which transmits the nerve impulse across the synaptic cleft to the muscle fibre.
THE MOTOR UNIT
All or none Law
All muscle fibres will give a complete contraction or no contraction at all
No contraction - If action poetential does not reach threshold.
Role of Motor Unit
All or Nothing Law -
1) Nerve impulse initiated in motor neurone
2) Nerve action potential conducts nerve impulse down the axon to synaptic cleft
3) Neurotranmitter acetylcholine is secreted to synaptic cleft - conducts nerve impulse across the gap.
All or nothing law - if the nerve actional potential is above the threshold the muscle fibres will contract.
MUSCLE FIBRE TYPES
Slow Oxidative Muscle Fibres
Types of Performer would best use:
Fibre Structure -
Work aerobically - Withstand fatigue for long periods but can only produce a small amount of force in the contraction.
Long Distance/ Duration performers
Store oxygen in Myoglobin and process oxygen in mitochondria to break down fats and glucose to ATP - energy
MUSCLE FIBRE TYPES
Fast Oxidative Glycolytic
Types of Performer would best use:
Fibre Structure -
Produce large amount of force relatively quickly - able to resist fatigue.
800 meter athletes
Large phosphocreatine stores - maintain good aerobic capacity
Moderate mitochondrial and myoglobin density.
MUSCLE FIBRE TYPES
Fast Glycolytic
Types of performer would best use:
Fibre Structure-
Work anaerobically - last short duration before fatigue.
Explosive power events - Shot put, 100 meter sprint
Large neurons, many fibres connected to one neurone - exert a larger force of contraction.
Large stores of phosphocreatine which enables an immediate energy supply.
MUSCLE FIBRES TYPES
Work relief ratio for Slow Oxidative muscle fibres?
Reason-
1:1
Maximises use of SO fibres, increases blood flow and enhances healing
MUSCLE FIBRE TYPES
Work relief ratio for Fast Glycolytic fibres?
Reason-
1:3
FG fibres take longer to recover meaning DOMS is caused - Time needed to full recover
