PAPER 1 - The Skeletal & Muscular Systems Flashcards

- Joints. movements and muscles - Functional roles of muscles and type of contractions - Analysis of movement - Skeletal muscle contraction - Muscle contraction during exercise of differing intensities and recovery.

1
Q

BAll & SOCKET JOINT

Movements Occuring at the Shoulder?

Key Muscles:

Articulating Bones -

A

Flexion, Extension, Abduction, Adduction, Horizontal Flexion/ Extension, Medial and Lateral Rotation, Circumduction.

Deltoid , Latissimus Dorsi, Pectoralis Major, Trapezius, Teres Major

Scapula, Clavicle, Humerous

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2
Q

HINGE JOINT

Movements Occuring at the Elbow?

Key Muscles:

Articulating Bones -

A

Flexion & Extension

Bicep Brachii & Tricep Brachii

Humerous, Radius, Ulna

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3
Q

CONDYLOID JOINT

Movements Occuring at the Wrist?

Key Muscles:

Articulating Bones -

A

Flexion & Extension

Wrist Flexors & Wrist Extensors

Radius, Ulna & Lunate

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4
Q

BALL & SOCKET JOINT

Movements Occuring at the Hip?

Key Muscles:

Articulating Bones-

A

Flexion, Extension, Abduction, Adduction, Medial and Lateral Rotation.

iliopsoas, gluteas maximus, medius and minimus

Extra Muscles - Adductor longus, Magnus & Brevis
Bones - Femur & Pelvic Girdle

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5
Q

HINGE JOINT

Movements Occuring at the Knee?

Key Muscles:

Articulating Bones-

A

Flexion & Extension

Bicep Fermoris & Rectus Femoris

Femur, Tibula, Patella

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6
Q

HINGE JOINT

Movements Occuring at the Ankle?

Key Muscles:

Articulating Bones-

A

Dorsi-Flexion & Plantar-Flexion

Tibialiis Anterior, Soleus, Gastrocnemius

Talus, Tibia , Fibia

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7
Q

PLANES OF MOVEMENT

Sagittal Plane

Movements that can occur:

A

Divides the body into left and right halves down the midline.

Flexion, Extension, Hyperflexion/ Hyperextension, Dorsi/ Plantar flexion

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8
Q

PLANES OF MOVEMENT

Frontal Plane

Movements that can occur:

A

Divides the body into anterior (front) and posterior (back) halves.

Abduction & Adduction

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9
Q

PLANES OF MOVEMENT

Transverse Plane

Movements that can occur:

A

Divides the top and bottom of the body

Horizontal Flexion & Horizontal Extension

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10
Q

ROLE OF MUSCLES

Agonist

A

Muscle responsible for creating movement at a joint

The prime mover of a muscular contraction

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11
Q

ROLE OF MUSCLES

Antagonist

A

Muscle that opposes the agonist providing resistance for coordinated movement.

either relaxes or contracts to allow the agonist to produce movement

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12
Q

ROLE OF MUSCLES

Fixator

A

Muscle that contracts to stabalise an area of the body to enable effiicient movement.

allows MUSCLE ACTION MOVEMENT

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13
Q

TYPE OF CONTRACTION

Isotonic Contraction

A

A muscle contraction which causes a chage in length whilst also producing tension.

Creates movement at a joint

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14
Q

TYPE OF CONTRACTION

Isometric Contraction

A

A muscle contraction where the muscle stays the same length whilst producing tension.

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15
Q

TYPE OF CONTRACTION

Concentric Contraction

A

A muscle contraction which shortens whilst producing tension.

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16
Q

Eccentric Contraction

A

A muscle contraction which lengthens whilst producing tension.

17
Q

THE MOTOR UNIT

Motor Neurone

A

A nerve cell which conducts a nerve impulse to a group of muscle fibres.

18
Q

THE MOTOR UNIT

Motor Unit

A

The combination of an individual motor neurone and all the muscles fibres it supplies with nerve impulses.

19
Q

THE MOTOR UNIT

Action Potential

A

Positive electrical charge inside the nerve and muscle cells which conducts the nerve impulse down the neuron and into the muscle fibre.

Dendrites collect the signals, axon transmits the signal.

Signal is transmitted to Neuromuscular Junction

20
Q

THE MOTOR UNIT

Neurotransmitter

A

A chemical reaction produced and secreted by a neuron which transmits the nerve impulse across the synaptic cleft to the muscle fibre.

21
Q

THE MOTOR UNIT

All or none Law

A

All muscle fibres will give a complete contraction or no contraction at all

No contraction - If action poetential does not reach threshold.

22
Q

Role of Motor Unit

All or Nothing Law -

A

1) Nerve impulse initiated in motor neurone

2) Nerve action potential conducts nerve impulse down the axon to synaptic cleft

3) Neurotranmitter acetylcholine is secreted to synaptic cleft - conducts nerve impulse across the gap.

All or nothing law - if the nerve actional potential is above the threshold the muscle fibres will contract.

23
Q

MUSCLE FIBRE TYPES

Slow Oxidative Muscle Fibres

Types of Performer would best use:

Fibre Structure -

A

Work aerobically - Withstand fatigue for long periods but can only produce a small amount of force in the contraction.

Long Distance/ Duration performers

Store oxygen in Myoglobin and process oxygen in mitochondria to break down fats and glucose to ATP - energy

24
Q

MUSCLE FIBRE TYPES

Fast Oxidative Glycolytic

Types of Performer would best use:

Fibre Structure -

A

Produce large amount of force relatively quickly - able to resist fatigue.

800 meter athletes

Large phosphocreatine stores - maintain good aerobic capacity
Moderate mitochondrial and myoglobin density.

25
Q

MUSCLE FIBRE TYPES

Fast Glycolytic

Types of performer would best use:

Fibre Structure-

A

Work anaerobically - last short duration before fatigue.

Explosive power events - Shot put, 100 meter sprint

Large neurons, many fibres connected to one neurone - exert a larger force of contraction.

Large stores of phosphocreatine which enables an immediate energy supply.

26
Q

MUSCLE FIBRES TYPES

Work relief ratio for Slow Oxidative muscle fibres?

Reason-

A

1:1

Maximises use of SO fibres, increases blood flow and enhances healing

27
Q

MUSCLE FIBRE TYPES

Work relief ratio for Fast Glycolytic fibres?

Reason-

A

1:3

FG fibres take longer to recover meaning DOMS is caused - Time needed to full recover