PAPER 1 - The Skeletal & Muscular Systems

Question 1

BAll & SOCKET JOINT

Movements Occuring at the Shoulder?

Key Muscles:

Articulating Bones -

Answer 1

Flexion, Extension, Abduction, Adduction, Horizontal Flexion/ Extension, Medial and Lateral Rotation, Circumduction.

Deltoid , Latissimus Dorsi, Pectoralis Major, Trapezius, Teres Major

Scapula, Clavicle, Humerous

Question 2

HINGE JOINT

Movements Occuring at the Elbow?

Key Muscles:

Articulating Bones -

Answer 2

Flexion & Extension

Bicep Brachii & Tricep Brachii

Humerous, Radius, Ulna

Question 3

CONDYLOID JOINT

Movements Occuring at the Wrist?

Key Muscles:

Articulating Bones -

Answer 3

Flexion & Extension

Wrist Flexors & Wrist Extensors

Radius, Ulna & Lunate

Question 4

BALL & SOCKET JOINT

Movements Occuring at the Hip?

Key Muscles:

Articulating Bones-

Answer 4

Flexion, Extension, Abduction, Adduction, Medial and Lateral Rotation.

iliopsoas, gluteas maximus, medius and minimus

Extra Muscles - Adductor longus, Magnus & Brevis
Bones - Femur & Pelvic Girdle

Question 5

HINGE JOINT

Movements Occuring at the Knee?

Key Muscles:

Articulating Bones-

Answer 5

Flexion & Extension

Bicep Fermoris & Rectus Femoris

Femur, Tibula, Patella

Question 6

HINGE JOINT

Movements Occuring at the Ankle?

Key Muscles:

Articulating Bones-

Answer 6

Dorsi-Flexion & Plantar-Flexion

Tibialiis Anterior, Soleus, Gastrocnemius

Talus, Tibia , Fibia

Question 7

PLANES OF MOVEMENT

Sagittal Plane

Movements that can occur:

Answer 7

Divides the body into left and right halves down the midline.

Flexion, Extension, Hyperflexion/ Hyperextension, Dorsi/ Plantar flexion

Question 8

PLANES OF MOVEMENT

Frontal Plane

Movements that can occur:

Answer 8

Divides the body into anterior (front) and posterior (back) halves.

Abduction & Adduction

Question 9

PLANES OF MOVEMENT

Transverse Plane

Movements that can occur:

Answer 9

Divides the top and bottom of the body

Horizontal Flexion & Horizontal Extension

Question 10

ROLE OF MUSCLES

Agonist

Answer 10

Muscle responsible for creating movement at a joint

The prime mover of a muscular contraction

Question 11

ROLE OF MUSCLES

Antagonist

Answer 11

Muscle that opposes the agonist providing resistance for coordinated movement.

either relaxes or contracts to allow the agonist to produce movement

Question 12

ROLE OF MUSCLES

Fixator

Answer 12

Muscle that contracts to stabalise an area of the body to enable effiicient movement.

allows MUSCLE ACTION MOVEMENT

Question 13

TYPE OF CONTRACTION

Isotonic Contraction

Answer 13

A muscle contraction which causes a chage in length whilst also producing tension.

Creates movement at a joint

Question 14

TYPE OF CONTRACTION

Isometric Contraction

Answer 14

A muscle contraction where the muscle stays the same length whilst producing tension.

Question 15

TYPE OF CONTRACTION

Concentric Contraction

Answer 15

A muscle contraction which shortens whilst producing tension.

Question 16

Eccentric Contraction

Answer 16

A muscle contraction which lengthens whilst producing tension.

Question 17

THE MOTOR UNIT

Motor Neurone

Answer 17

A nerve cell which conducts a nerve impulse to a group of muscle fibres.

Question 18

THE MOTOR UNIT

Motor Unit

Answer 18

The combination of an individual motor neurone and all the muscles fibres it supplies with nerve impulses.

Question 19

THE MOTOR UNIT

Action Potential

Answer 19

Positive electrical charge inside the nerve and muscle cells which conducts the nerve impulse down the neuron and into the muscle fibre.

Dendrites collect the signals, axon transmits the signal.

Signal is transmitted to Neuromuscular Junction

Question 20

THE MOTOR UNIT

Neurotransmitter

Answer 20

A chemical reaction produced and secreted by a neuron which transmits the nerve impulse across the synaptic cleft to the muscle fibre.

Question 21

THE MOTOR UNIT

All or none Law

Answer 21

All muscle fibres will give a complete contraction or no contraction at all

No contraction - If action poetential does not reach threshold.

Question 22

Role of Motor Unit

All or Nothing Law -

Answer 22

1) Nerve impulse initiated in motor neurone

2) Nerve action potential conducts nerve impulse down the axon to synaptic cleft

3) Neurotranmitter acetylcholine is secreted to synaptic cleft - conducts nerve impulse across the gap.

All or nothing law - if the nerve actional potential is above the threshold the muscle fibres will contract.

Question 23

MUSCLE FIBRE TYPES

Slow Oxidative Muscle Fibres

Types of Performer would best use:

Fibre Structure -

Answer 23

Work aerobically - Withstand fatigue for long periods but can only produce a small amount of force in the contraction.

Long Distance/ Duration performers

Store oxygen in Myoglobin and process oxygen in mitochondria to break down fats and glucose to ATP - energy

Question 24

MUSCLE FIBRE TYPES

Fast Oxidative Glycolytic

Types of Performer would best use:

Fibre Structure -

Answer 24

Produce large amount of force relatively quickly - able to resist fatigue.

800 meter athletes

Large phosphocreatine stores - maintain good aerobic capacity
Moderate mitochondrial and myoglobin density.

Question 25

# **MUSCLE FIBRE TYPES** Fast Glycolytic | Types of performer would best use: ## Footnote Fibre Structure-

Answer 25

Work anaerobically - last short duration before fatigue. | Explosive power events - Shot put, 100 meter sprint ## Footnote Large neurons, many fibres connected to one neurone - exert a larger force of contraction. Large stores of *phosphocreatine* which enables an immediate energy supply.

Question 26

# **MUSCLE FIBRES TYPES** Work relief ratio for Slow Oxidative muscle fibres? ## Footnote Reason-

Answer 26

1:1 ## Footnote Maximises use of SO fibres, increases blood flow and enhances healing

Question 27

# **MUSCLE FIBRE TYPES** Work relief ratio for Fast Glycolytic fibres? ## Footnote Reason-

Answer 27

1:3 ## Footnote FG fibres take longer to recover meaning DOMS is caused - Time needed to full recover