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A Level PE Flashcards > PAPER 1 - Cardiovascular & Respiratory System > Flashcards

PAPER 1 - Cardiovascular & Respiratory System Flashcards

- Cardiovascular system at rest. - Cardiovascular system during exercise of differing intensities and recovery. - Respiratory System at rest. - Respiratory system during exercise of differing intensities and recovery.

1
Q

CARDIOVASCULAR SYSTEM

Pulmonary Circuit

A
  • Carries deoxygenated blood to the lungs.
  • Carries oxygenated blood back to the heart.
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2
Q

CARDIOVASCULAR SYSTEM

Systemic Circuit

A
  • Carries oxygenated blood to the body.
  • Carries deoxygenated blood back to the heart.
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3
Q

CARDIOVASCULAR SYSTEM

Diastole

CARDIAC CYCLE

A
  • Both Atria and Ventricles relax
  • Draws blood back into the atria
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4
Q

CARDIOVASCULAR SYSTEM

Atrial Systole

CARDIAC CYCLE

A
  • Contraction of the Atria
  • Blood forced into the Ventricles
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5
Q

CARDIOVASCULAR SYSTEM

Ventricular Systole

CARDIAC CYCLE

A
  • Contraction of the Ventricles
  • Blood forced into the Arteries

Arteries - Aorta & Pulmonary Artery

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6
Q

CARDIOVASCULAR SYSTEM

Myogenic

The Conduction System

A

Cardiac Muscle = Myogenic
- Has capacity to generate it’s own electrical impulses…
- Pass them through muscular walls
- Causing them to contract

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7
Q

CARDIOVASCULAR SYSTEM

FEATURES OF THE CONDUCTION SYSTEM

Sino-atrial node - SA node

A

LOCATION: Right Atria Wall
Generates electrical impulse & fires it through atria wall - forces them to contract

Aka “pacemaker” - Firing Rate wil determine Heart Rate.

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8
Q

CARDIOVASCULAR SYSTEM

FEATURES OF THE CONDUCTION SYSTEM

Atrio-Ventricular node - AV node

A

Collects impulse & delays it [for approximately 0.1s]
Allows Atria to finish contracting

Releases impulse to **Bundle of His…
**

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9
Q

CARDIOVASCULAR SYSTEM

FEATURES OF THE CONDUCTION SYSTEM

Bundle of His

A

LOCATION: Septum of Heart

Splits impulse in two, ready to be distributed through each seperate ventricle.

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10
Q

CARDIOVASCULAR SYSTEM

FEATURES OF THE CONDUCTION SYSTEM

Bundle Branches

A

Carry the impulse to the base of each ventricle.

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11
Q

CARDIOVASCULAR SYSTEM

FEATURES OF THE CONDUCTION SYSTEM

Purkinje Fibres

A

Distribute the impulse through the ventricle walls, causing them to contract.

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12
Q

CARDIAC RESPONSE TO EXERCISE & RECOVERY

Heart Rate

Equation for Maximal Heart Rate

Resting HR -

A

The number of cardiac cycles completed in one minute.

HR Max = 220 - age

Untrained Athlete - 60-75bpm
Trained Athlete - 50bpm

KEY WORD - Bradycardia
A resting heart rate below 60 bpm

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13
Q

CARDIAC RESPONSE TO EXERCISE & RECOVERY

Heart Rate - Response to Exercise

Sub-maximal Exercise

A

Heart Rate can plateau once a comfortable, steady state is reached.

Represents the supply meeting demand for O2 delivery & Waste Removal.

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14
Q

CARDIAC RESPONSE TO EXERCISE & RECOVERY

Heart Rate at submaximal intensity exercise

Graph Explaination

A
  1. an initial anticipatory rise in HR before exercise - adrenaline.
  2. rapid increase in HR at the start of exercise - increase blood flow and oxygen delivery in line with exercise intensity .
  3. Steady state HR throughout sustained intensity exercise - oxygen supply meets demand.
  4. Initial rapid decrease in HR - recovery/ reduction in muscle pump action.
  5. Gradual decrease in heart rate to resting levels.
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15
Q

CARDIAC RESPONSE TO EXERCISE & RECOVERY

Heart Rate at maximal intensity exercise

A

Heart Rate DOES NOT PLATEAU
Due to…
Growing demand of oxygen and water removal which HR must continually strive to meet.

Intensity is always increasing

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16
Q

CARDIAC RESPONSE TO EXERCISE & RECOVERY

Stroke Volume

Definition

A

The volume of blood ejected from the left ventricle per beat.

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17
Q

CARDIAC RESPONSE TO EXERCISE & RECOVERY

Average Heart Rate, Stroke Volume and Cardiac Output

Untrained Performer

A

HR = 72 bpm
SV = 70ml
Cardiac Output = 5l/ min

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18
Q

CARDIAC RESPONSE TO EXERCISE & RECOVERY

Average Heart Rate, Stroke Volume and Cardiac Output

Trained Performer

A

HR = 50 bpm
SV = 100ml
Cardiac Output = 5L/min

19
Q

CARDIAC RESPONSE TO EXERCISE & RECOVERY

Sub-maximal Exercise

A

A low-to-moderate intensity of exercise
* within a performer’s aerobic capacity or below the anaerobic threshold.

20
Q

CARDIAC RESPONSE TO EXERCISE & RECOVERY

Maximal Exercise

A

High intensity exercise
* above a perfomers aerobic capacity - take a performer to exhaustion

Often associated with anaerobic work/fatigue

21
Q

CARDIAC RESPONSE TO EXERCISE & RECOVERY

Stroke Volume’s general response to exercise.

A
  • SV increases with exercise intensity
    PLATEAUS at around 40% - 60% of working capacity
22
Q

CARDIAC RESPONSE TO EXERCISE & RECOVERY

What are the 2 reasons why stroke volume is able to increase?

A
  • Venous Return
  • Starling’s Law
23
Q

CARDIAC RESPONSE TO EXERCISE & RECOVERY

Venous Return Response to Exercise

Stroke Volume

A

Venous Return increases

  • Greater volume of blood is retuning to the heart and filing the ventricles.

Increased VR = Increased SR

Stroke Volume is DEPENDANT ON Venous Return

24
Q

CARDIAC RESPONSE TO EXERCISE & RECOVERY

Starling’s Law Response to Exercise

Stroke Volume

A

Increase in Venous return = Increases end-diastolic volume in ventricles
Causes greater stretch of ventricle walls
- therefore an increased force of contraction.

Means that a larger volume of blood is ejected from the heart.

25
Q

CARDIAC RESPONSE TO EXERCISE & RECOVERY

Why does SV reach a plateau during sub-maximal exercise?

A

A high HR does not have time for the ventricles to completely fill

This limits Sterlings Law

26
Q

CARDIAC RESPONSE TO EXERCISE & RECOVERY

Cardiac Output

Equation:

A

The volume of blood ejected from the left ventricle per minute.

Cardiac Output (litres per minute) = Heart Rate x Stroke Volume.

27
Q

CARDIAC RESPONSE TO EXERCISE & RECOVERY

Cardiac Output’s response to exercise.

A

Cardiac Output increases in line with intensity of exercise.
- Plateau’s during maximal activity.

28
Q

CARDIAC RESPONSE TO EXERCISE & RECOVERY

Cardiac Output’s response to recovery.

A

Initial rapid decrease
Follows more slow decrease to resting level.

29
Q

HEART REGULATION

What is the Cardiac Control Centre?

CCC

A

A control centre in the medulla oblongata responsible for HR regulation.

Medulla Oblongata - The Brain

30
Q

HEART REGULATION

What are the 3 control mechanisms which provide information to the CCC?

A
  1. Neural Control
  2. Intrinsic Control
  3. Hormonal Control
31
Q

HEART REGULATION

Methods of Neural Control

CCC

Examples -

A

-Chemoreceptors
LOCATION: muscles, aorta & cartoid arteries
Inform the CCC of chemical changes in the blood stream

-Proprioceptors
LOCATION: muscles, tendons & joints
Inform the CCC of increased motor activity

-Baroreceptors
LOCATION: Blood vessel walls
Inform the CCC of increased blood pressure

Chemoreceptors - Increased levels of CO2 and Lactic Acid

32
Q

HEART REGULATION

Methods of intrinsic control

CCC

A
  1. Temperature changes affect
    - blood viscosity
    - speed of nerve impulse transmission
  2. Venous Return changes affect
    - the stretch of ventricle walls
    - force of ventricular contraction
    - stroke volume
33
Q

HEART REGULATION

Method of hormonal control

CCC

A

Adrenaline & Noradrenaline are released from the adrenal glands.
- Increases force of ventricular contraction
- Stroke Volume
- Increases speed of conduction system

34
Q

THE VASCULAR SYSTEM

Artery

STUCTURE

A

Large layer of smooth muscle and elastic tissue

35
Q

THE VASCULAR SYSTEM

Artery

FUCTION

A
  • transports blood back to the heart
  • allows smooth muscle to vasodilation & vasoconstriction
36
Q

THE VASCULAR SYSTEM

Veins

STRUCTURE

A

Small layer of smooth muscle
Veins have one way POCKET VALVES

37
Q

THE VASCULAR SYSTEM

Capillaries

STRUCTURE

A
  • Composed of single cell walls
  • Thin to allow gaseous exchange
38
Q

Venous Return

Mechanisms of VR

Definition-

A
  1. Pocket Valves
  2. Smooth Muscle
  3. Gravity
  4. Muscle Pump
  5. Respiratory Pump

return of blood to the heart through the venules and veins back to RA

39
Q

Venous Return

Pocket Valves

A

One-Way valves located in the veins

prevent the backflow of blood

40
Q

Venous Return

Smooth Muscle

A

Layer of smooth muscle in the vein wall vasoconstricts

creates venomotor tone which aids the movement of blood

41
Q

Venous Return

Gravity

A

Blood from the upper body {above the heart}
is helped to return by gravity

42
Q

Venous Return

Muscle Pump

A

During exercise…
Skeletal muscles contract compressing the veins located between them

Blood is squeezed back to the heart

43
Q

Venous Return

Respiratory Pump

A

During inspiration and expiration

a pressure difference between the thoracic and abdominal cavity created

blood = squeezed back to the heart

increased respiratory rate = increased respiratory pump maximised

44
Q
A

A Level PE Flashcards (35 decks)

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