PAPER 1 - The Skeletal and Muscular System Flashcards
What is the skeleton
a shaping framework for the body- gives protection for internal organs, is the site for blood cell production and is mineral store
Name 2 types of category of bones found in the skeleton
- flat bones- protect internal organs, act as attachments for muscles
- long bones- levers for movement, act as sites for blood cell production
What is a ligament?
Fibrous tissue that connects bones to bone, that is slightly elastic
Define joint?
an area of the body where two or more bones articulate to create human movement
Define Articular cartilage
smooth tissue which covers the surface of articulating bones to absorb shock and allow friction-free movement
Name the 5 common features of a synovial joint
-ligament
-synovial fluid
-articular cartilage
-joint capsule
-bursa
what are the common features of a synovial joint and there structure and function?
What are the 4 types of synovial joint?
hinge joint
condyloid joint
pivot joint
ball and socket joint
Define FLEXION
a movement around a joint that decreases the angle between the bones and the joint (usually to the front of the body, anterior)
Define EXTENSION
a movement around a joint that increases the angle between the bones and the joint, usually to the back (posterior) of the body
What does plantar flexion do?
increases joint angle (at the ankle) moving toes further away from tibia (toes down)
What does dorsi-flexion do?
- decreases joint angle at the ankle brining toes closer to tibia (toes upwards)
Name the three planes of motion and what they are
sagittal plane - divides body into left and right from middle to outside
frontal plane - divides body into front and back
transverse - divides body into top and bottom
Name the features of the Saggital Plane (5 features)
- flexion
- extension
- plantarflexion
- dorsiflexion
- divides body into left and right
Example - bicep curl
Name the features of the Frontal Plane (3 features)
- abduction
- adduction
- divides body into front and back
- (example lateral raises with weights) Mainly shoulder and hip joints e.g. star jumps
Name the features of the Transverse Plane ( 7 features)
- Medial Rotation - rotation towards the body
- Lateral Rotation - rotation towards the outside of the body
- Horizontal extension - moving arm upwards, then away from body (away from midline)
- Horizontal flexion - moving arm upwards then towards body (closer to midline)
- Splits body into bottom and top
- e.g discus Horizontal extension and flexion occur at the shoulder when trhowing a discus and at the hip when performin open the gate and close the gate warm up exercises.
What are Tendons?
Fibrous connective tissue that attaches the muscle to the bone.
What is the use of Tendons and where are they located?
- Transmit force created by the muscle to move the bone
- Origin is where the muscle is attached to the stationary bone
- Insertion point is where the muscle attaches itself to the moveable bone which will get closer to the origin during muscular contraction
What is muscular origin?
muscular attachment to stationary bone - stays fixed during muscular contraction
What is muscular insertion?
point of muscular attachment to moveable bone which gets closer to origin during muscular contraction
What are the three main roles a muscle can adopt?
agonist
antagonist
fixator
What is an agonist?
muscle responsible for creating movement at a joint (prime mover)
What is an antagonist?
muscle that opposes agonist providing resistance for co-ordinated movement
What are FIXATORS ?
the muscle that STABILISES the ORIGIN of the AGONIST and the JOINT that the origin moves over
What is antagonistic muscle action?
paired muscle action. as the agonist muscle shortens to create movement, the antagonist lengthens to co-ordinate the action
Define ISOTONIC CONCENTRIC CONTRACTION
contractions that cause the muscle to shorten causing tension. This produces the force to pull two bones closer together, causing joing movement e.g. bicep curl, the bicep brachii concentrically contracts to lift the weight to the shoulder (upwards)
The muscular system
Define ISOTONIC MUSCLE CONTRACTION
contractions that cause the muscle to change length, producing movement and can be either concentric and eccentric contraction
Define ISOTONIC ECCENTRIC CONTRACTION
contractions that cause the muscle to lengthens producing tension. e.g. bicep curl, the downward phase of a bicep curl, the biceps brachii eccentrically contracts to lower the weight under control (downwards)
Define ISOMETRIC CONTRACTION
there is no change in the length of the contracting muscle, causing no movement e.g the biceps brachii holding a free weight in the hand still. The muscle will create tension as it pulls on the tendon attachments, however no movement.
Define LATERAL
towards the outside
Define MEDIAL
towards the middle
Define POSTERIOR
towards the back
Define ANTERIOR
towards the front
What movement occurs at the WRIST and what joint is it?
- flexion
- extension
- condyloid joint
what are the articulating bones of the wrist?
articulating bones = radius, ulna and carpals
WRIST : FLEXION : AGONIST
movement?
wrist flexors
movement = sagital plane
WRIST : EXTENSION : AGONIST
movement?
wrist extensors
movement = sagital plane
what is a practical apllication of the WRIST joint?
Basketball players concentrically contract the wrist felxors to flex the wrist as the ball is released on a jump shot
What movement occurs at the ELBOW and what type of joint is it?
- flexion
- extension
- hinge joint
what are the articulating bones of the ELBOW?
articulating bones = radius, ulna and humerous