PAPER 1 - The Skeletal and Muscular System Flashcards
What is the skeleton
a shaping framework for the body- gives protection for internal organs, is the site for blood cell production and is mineral store
Name 2 types of category of bones found in the skeleton
- flat bones- protect internal organs, act as attachments for muscles
- long bones- levers for movement, act as sites for blood cell production
What is a ligament?
Fibrous tissue that connects bones to bone, that is slightly elastic
Define joint?
an area of the body where two or more bones articulate to create human movement
Define Articular cartilage
smooth tissue which covers the surface of articulating bones to absorb shock and allow friction-free movement
Name the 5 common features of a synovial joint
-ligament
-synovial fluid
-articular cartilage
-joint capsule
-bursa
what are the common features of a synovial joint and there structure and function?
What are the 4 types of synovial joint?
hinge joint
condyloid joint
pivot joint
ball and socket joint
Define FLEXION
a movement around a joint that decreases the angle between the bones and the joint (usually to the front of the body, anterior)
Define EXTENSION
a movement around a joint that increases the angle between the bones and the joint, usually to the back (posterior) of the body
What does plantar flexion do?
increases joint angle (at the ankle) moving toes further away from tibia (toes down)
What does dorsi-flexion do?
- decreases joint angle at the ankle brining toes closer to tibia (toes upwards)
Name the three planes of motion and what they are
sagittal plane - divides body into left and right from middle to outside
frontal plane - divides body into front and back
transverse - divides body into top and bottom
Name the features of the Saggital Plane (5 features)
- flexion
- extension
- plantarflexion
- dorsiflexion
- divides body into left and right
Example - bicep curl
Name the features of the Frontal Plane (3 features)
- abduction
- adduction
- divides body into front and back
- (example lateral raises with weights) Mainly shoulder and hip joints e.g. star jumps
Name the features of the Transverse Plane ( 7 features)
- Medial Rotation - rotation towards the body
- Lateral Rotation - rotation towards the outside of the body
- Horizontal extension - moving arm upwards, then away from body (away from midline)
- Horizontal flexion - moving arm upwards then towards body (closer to midline)
- Splits body into bottom and top
- e.g discus Horizontal extension and flexion occur at the shoulder when trhowing a discus and at the hip when performin open the gate and close the gate warm up exercises.
What are Tendons?
Fibrous connective tissue that attaches the muscle to the bone.
What is the use of Tendons and where are they located?
- Transmit force created by the muscle to move the bone
- Origin is where the muscle is attached to the stationary bone
- Insertion point is where the muscle attaches itself to the moveable bone which will get closer to the origin during muscular contraction
What is muscular origin?
muscular attachment to stationary bone - stays fixed during muscular contraction
What is muscular insertion?
point of muscular attachment to moveable bone which gets closer to origin during muscular contraction
What are the three main roles a muscle can adopt?
agonist
antagonist
fixator
What is an agonist?
muscle responsible for creating movement at a joint (prime mover)
What is an antagonist?
muscle that opposes agonist providing resistance for co-ordinated movement
What are FIXATORS ?
the muscle that STABILISES the ORIGIN of the AGONIST and the JOINT that the origin moves over
What is antagonistic muscle action?
paired muscle action. as the agonist muscle shortens to create movement, the antagonist lengthens to co-ordinate the action
Define ISOTONIC CONCENTRIC CONTRACTION
contractions that cause the muscle to shorten causing tension. This produces the force to pull two bones closer together, causing joing movement e.g. bicep curl, the bicep brachii concentrically contracts to lift the weight to the shoulder (upwards)
The muscular system
Define ISOTONIC MUSCLE CONTRACTION
contractions that cause the muscle to change length, producing movement and can be either concentric and eccentric contraction
Define ISOTONIC ECCENTRIC CONTRACTION
contractions that cause the muscle to lengthens producing tension. e.g. bicep curl, the downward phase of a bicep curl, the biceps brachii eccentrically contracts to lower the weight under control (downwards)
Define ISOMETRIC CONTRACTION
there is no change in the length of the contracting muscle, causing no movement e.g the biceps brachii holding a free weight in the hand still. The muscle will create tension as it pulls on the tendon attachments, however no movement.
Define LATERAL
towards the outside
Define MEDIAL
towards the middle
Define POSTERIOR
towards the back
Define ANTERIOR
towards the front
What movement occurs at the WRIST and what joint is it?
- flexion
- extension
- condyloid joint
what are the articulating bones of the wrist?
articulating bones = radius, ulna and carpals
WRIST : FLEXION : AGONIST
movement?
wrist flexors
movement = sagital plane
WRIST : EXTENSION : AGONIST
movement?
wrist extensors
movement = sagital plane
what is a practical apllication of the WRIST joint?
Basketball players concentrically contract the wrist felxors to flex the wrist as the ball is released on a jump shot
What movement occurs at the ELBOW and what type of joint is it?
- flexion
- extension
- hinge joint
what are the articulating bones of the ELBOW?
articulating bones = radius, ulna and humerous
ELBOW : FLEXION : AGONIST
movement?
biceps brachii
movement = sagital plane
ELBOW : EXTENSION : AGONIST
movement?
triceps brachii
movement = sagital plane
pratical aplication of the elbow joint?
the elbow joint is essential for creating power in a netball shot. In the preparation phase the bicep brachii will concetrically contract to flex the elbow lowering the ball. In the execution phase the tricep brachii concentrically contracts to extend the elbow joint for a large range of motion to generate a large force to apply to the ball
What movement occurs at SHOULDER and what type of joint?
- flexion
- extension
- adduction
- abduction
- rotation
- circumduction
- ball and socket joint
what are the articulating bones of the SHOULDER?
articulating bones = scapula and humerous
SHOULDER : FLEXION : AGONIST
movement?
anterior deltoid
movement: sagittal plane
SHOULDER : EXTENSION : AGONIST
movement?
posterior deltoid
movement: sagittal plane
SHOULDER : ADDUCTION : AGONIST
movement?
latissimus dorsi
movement: frontal plane
SHOULDER : ABDUCTION : AGONIST
movement?
middle deltoid
movement: frontal plane
SHOULDER : M.ROTATION : AGONIST
movement?
teres major
movement: transverse plane
SHOULDER : L.ROTATION : AGONIST
movement?
teres minor
movement: transverse plane
SHOULDER : HORIZONTAL F : AGONIST
movement?
pectorals major
movement: transverse plane
SHOULDER : HORIZONTAL E : AGONIST
movement?
posterior deltoid
movement: transverse plane
what is an exapmle of a practical aplication of the shoulder joint?
To mobilise the shoulder joint as part of a warm-up, you may use star jumps. In the outward phase of a star jump, the agonist, the middle deltoid, concentrically contracts to abduct the shoulder joint.
What movement occurs at the HIP and what type of joint is it?
- flexion
- extension
- adduction
- abduction
- rotation
- circumduction
- ball and socket joint
What are the articulating bones of the HIP?
The pelvic girdile and the femur
HIP : FLEXION : AGONIST
Movement?
iliopsoas
movement: sagittal plane
HIP : EXTENSION : AGONIST
Movement?
gluteus maximus
movement: sagittal plane
HIP : ADDUCTION : AGONIST
Movement?
adductor longus, brevis, magnus
movement: frontal plane
HIP : ABDUCTION : AGONIST
Movement?
gluteus medius / minus
movement: frontal plane
HIP : M.ROTATION : AGONIST
Movement?
gluteus medius / minus
movement: transverse plane
HIP : L.ROTATION : AGONIST
Movement?
gluteus maximus
movement: transverse plane
What is a practical application
of using the hip joint
When olympic weightlifting is in the upward phase the agonist the gluteus maximus will concentrically contract to creat hip extension while the atagonist ilipsoas co-ordinates the action.
What movement occurs at the KNEE and what type of joint is it ?
- flexion
- extension
- hinge
What are the ariculating bones of the KNEE?
The femur and tibia
KNEE : FLEXION : AGONIST
Movement?
bicep femoris
Movement: the sagittal plane
KNEE : EXTENSION : AGONIST
Movement?
rectus femoris
Movement: the sagittal plane
What is a practical example for KNEE joint?
E.G: the knee is essential for creating power in a penalty shot in football. concentrically contracting the bicep femoris flexes the knee joint in the preparation phase
What movement occurs at the ANKLE and what type of joint is it?
- plantar flexion
- dorsi flexion
- hinge
What are the articulating bones of the ANKLE?
Tibia, fibula and talus
ANKLE : PLANTAR FLEXION : AGONIST
Movement?
gastrocnemius & soleus
movement: sagittal plane
ANKLE : DORSI FLEXION : AGONIST
Movement?
tibialis anterior
movement: sagittal plane
What is a practical example of the ANKLE?
E.G: contemporary dancers use their feet to shape bodily movements. concentrically plantar flexing of the ankle joint creates a fully extended finish to the leg
What plane is flexion in ?
sagittal
What plane is extension in ?
sagittal
What plane is adduction in ?
frontal
What plane is abduction in ?
frontal
What plane is medial rotation in ?
transverse
What plane is lateral rotation in ?
transverse
What plane in horizontal flexion in ?
transverse
What plane in horizontal extension in ?
transverse
What are the three muscle types ?
- slow oxidative (type 1)
- fast oxidative (type 2a)
- fast glycolytic (type 2b)
What are slow oxidative muscle fibres designed to do ?
- store oxygen in MYOGLOBIN
- produce OXYGEN in the MITOCHONDRIA
- work AEROBICALLY
- produce small amounts of force but resist fatigue
- e.g. marathon
What are fast oxidative muscle fibres designed to do ?
- produce large amounts of force quickly
- have the capacity to resist fatigue
- e.g. 800m
What are fast glycolytic muscle fibres designed to do ?
- work anaerobically
- large stores of PHOSPHOCREATINE
- fatigue quickly
- e.g. 100m
What is a MOTOR NEURON ?
a NERVE CELL which transmits a NERVE IMPULSE to a group of MUSCLE FIBRES
What is a MOTOR UNIT ?
a MOTOR NEURON and the MUSCLE FIBRE stimulated by its AXON
What is ACTION POTENTIAL?
POSITIVE ELECTRICAL CHARGE inside the NERVE and MUSCLE CELL which conducts the NERVE IMPULSE down the NEURON and into the MUSCLE FIBRE
What is a NEUROMUSCULAR JUNCTION ?
where the axon’s MOTOR END PLATES meets the MUSCLE FIBRE
What is a SYNAPTIC CLEF ?
the small gap between the motor end plates and the muscle fibre
What is a NEUROTRANSMITTER ?
a CHEMICAL produced that carries the ELECTRICAL IMPULSES across the SYNAPTIC CLEF and to the MUSCLE FUBRE
What is ACETYLCHOLINE
the NEURONTRANSMITTER used at the NEUROMUSCULAR JUNCTION
What are the 6 steps of the all or none law?
- nerve impulse initaited in the motor neuron cell body
- nerve impulse conducted down the axon of the motor neuron by a nerve action potenial to the synaptic cleft
- neurotransmitter acetylcholine is secreted intop synaptic cleft to conduct the nerve impulse across the gap
- if the electrical charge is above the threshold, the muscle fibre type will contract
- This happens in an ‘all-or-none’ fashion
Define MYOGLOBIN
a PROTEIN in the muscle responsible for TRANSPORTING OXYGEN to the MITOCHONDRIA
Define AEROBIC
low intensity, long-duration exercise in the presence of oxygen
Define ANAEROBIC
high intensity, short-duration exercise without the presence of oxygen
Define CAPILLARY
a FINE BRANCHING blood vessel that connects an artery to a vein
Define PHOSPHOCTREATINE
a HIGH-ENERGY COMPOUND store in the muscle cell used as a FUEL for high intensity energy production
Name 8 bones in order.
cranium not skull
Name 10 bones in order
Name the 8 bones
N—- I—— initiated in the M—- N—— cell body. N—- I—— is conducted down the A— of the M—- N—— by a nerve action potential.
N—- I—— has to cross the S——- C—-. N————— called A———— makes this happen by being secreted into the S——- C—-. If the E——– I——– is above the required threshold the M—– F—– will C——– at the same time with M——— F—-
NERVE IMPULSE initiated in the MOTOR NEURON cell body. NERVE IMPULSE is conducted down the AXON of the MOTOR NEURONE by a nerve action potential.
NERVE IMPULSE has to cross the SYNAPTIC CLEFT. NEUROTRANSMITTER called ACETYCHOLINE makes this happen by being secreted into the SYNAPTIC CLEFT. If the ELECTRICAL IMPULSE is above the required threshold the MUSCLE FIBRES will CONTRACT at the same time with MAXIMUM FORCE
