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A+P and Exercise physiology > 1.2 Cardiovascular and respiratory systems > Flashcards

1.2 Cardiovascular and respiratory systems Flashcards

1
Q

Name the two circuits for moving the blood?

A

pulmonary circuit
systemic circuit

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2
Q

What is the pulmonary circuit?

A

circulation of deoxygenated blood through pulmoary arteries to lungs & pulmonary veins back to heart

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3
Q

What is the systemic circuit?

A

circulation of oxygenated blood through aorta -> body and deoxygenated blood back through vena cava back -> heart

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4
Q

What are the four heart chambers?

A

right atrium, left atrium, right ventricle, right ventricle

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5
Q

What are the four heart valves?

A
  • tricuspid valve
  • bicuspid valve
  • pulmonary semilunar valve
  • aortic semilunar valve
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6
Q

Why is it better to have a more efficient cardiovascular system

A

the greater the capacity to remove waste products from muscles

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7
Q

Describe the left side of the heart

A

-has thicker muscular wall which can contract with more force

-circulates oxygenated blood from lungs to muscles and organs

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8
Q

Describe the right side of the heart

A

-contracts to circulate deoxygentaed blood from body to lungs

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9
Q

What type of muscle is in the heart?

A

cardiac muscle

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10
Q

Explain the flow of blood through the left side of the heart

A

blood oxygentaed at lungs

pulmonary veins –>
left atrium –>
bicuspid valve –>
left ventricle –>
aortic semilunar valve –> aorta –>
body tissues

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11
Q

Explain the flow of blood through the right side of the heart

A

deoxygentaed blood arrives from muscles and organs to right atria

vena cave –>
right atrium –>
tricuspid valve –>
right ventricle –>
pulmonary semilunar valve-> pulmonary artery –>
lungs

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12
Q

What is oxygenated blood

A

blood with oxygen and nutrients

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13
Q

What is deoxygenated blood

A

blood depleted of oxygen, saturated with carbon dioxide and waste products

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14
Q

What is the conduction system

A

-structures in cardiac muscle

creates, transmits electrical impulse

forcing atria and ventricles to contract

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15
Q

Name the 5 sturctures that make up the conduction system

A

(SABBP)
-Sino-atrial node (SA NODE)
-Atrio-ventricular node (AV NODE)
-Bundle of His
-Bundle branches
-Purkyne fibres

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16
Q

The cardiac muscle is myogenic

-what is myogenic

A

-capacity of the heart to generate its own electrical impulse- causes cardiac muscle to contract

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17
Q

What is the SA node?

A

in wall of right atrium. sends impulse across both atria causing atrial systole (contraction)

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18
Q

What is the AV node

A

in middle wall of heart between atria and ventricles

receives impulse from the SA node, delays for a moment to allow for atrial systole to finish and sends it down the bundle of His

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19
Q

What is the Bundles of His

A

middle of wall of heart. Transmits impulses to the bottom of the right and left side of the heart

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20
Q

What are the Purkinje fibres

A

in walls of ventricles, cause impulse to penetrate into ventricle walls causing ventricular systole

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21
Q

What is a diastole

A

-relaxation phase of cardiac muscle where blood chambers fill with blood

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22
Q

What is a systole

A

contraction phase of cardiac muscle where blood is ejected into aorta and pulmonary artery

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23
Q

What is atrial diastole

A

when atrium is relaxing- atria fills with blood blood from vena cava and pulmonary vein. AV valves closed. Atrial pressure rises above ventricular pressure. Blood starts to pass passively into ventricles

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24
Q

What is atrial systole

A

when atrium is contracting

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25
Q

What is ventricular diastole

A

when ventricle is relaxing

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26
Q

What is ventricular systole

A

when ventricle is contracting

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27
Q

What is the cardiac cycle

A

cardiac muscle contraction & the movement of blood through its chambers

28
Q

What does one complete cardiac cycle represent

A

sequence of events involved in a single heartbeat

29
Q

What is heart rate

A

-number of times heart beats per min

UNTRAINED
-rest- 70-72
-max- 220 - age

TRAINED
-rest- 50
-max 220- age

30
Q

What is bradycardia

A

a resting hr below 60 bpm

They have a protective effect against cv and CHD
e.g. alistar brownlee which is 34 bpm

31
Q

What is stroke volume

A

-volume of blood ejected from left ventricle per beat

UNTRAINED
-rest -> 70ml/ beat
-max -> 100-120ml

TRAINED
-rest -> 100ml/ beat
-max -> 160-200ml

32
Q

What is cardiac output

A

-volume of blood ejected from left ventricle per min

UNTRAINED
-rest 5l/min
-max 20-30l/min

TRAINED
-rese 5l/min
-max 30-40l/min

33
Q

How can cardiac output be calculated

A

heart rate x stroke volume

34
Q

Name the 2 types of exercise that occurs when the cardiovascular system responds to exercise and recovery

A

-sub-maximal
-maximal

35
Q

What is sub-maximal exercise

A

exericse at low-to-moderate- intensity within performers aerobic capcity or below anaerobic threshold

-associated with aerobic work

36
Q

What is maximal exercise

A

exercise at high intensity
above performers aerobic capacity -> exhaustion

-associated with anaerobic work and fatigue

37
Q

What occurs to heart rate during sub-maximal intensity exercise

A

during sub-maximal intensity exercise heart rate can plateau (level out) as we reach a steady state

38
Q

What occurs to heart rate during maximal intensity exercise

A

during maximal intensity exercise heart rate doesn’t plateau as intensity continues to increase

39
Q

Describe heart rates response to sub-maximal exercise

A

-initial anticipatory rise in HR prior to exercise- due to adrenaline

-rapid increase in HR at start of exercise to increase blood flow and oxygen delivery

-a steady state HR throughout sustained intensity exercise as oxygen meets demand

-initial rapid decrease in HR as recovery is entered- muscle pump reduces

-more gradual decrease in HR to resting levels

40
Q

Does heart rate plateau in sub-maximal intensity

A

can plateau as we reach a comfortable, steady state

41
Q

Does heart rate plateau in maximal intensity

A

-heart rate does not plateau as exercise intensity continues to increase

42
Q

What is the definition of Venous return

A

Return of blood to the right atria through the veins

43
Q

What is increased venous return

A

volume of blood that returns from body to heart

44
Q

What happens to venous return during exercise

A

-venous return increases

-greater volume of blood returning to heart and filling ventricles

-due to the squeezing action of muscular contraction

45
Q

What does the Frank-Starling mechanism show

A

shows how stroke vol is dependent on venous return

46
Q

What does an increased venous return lead to on Frank Starlings mechanims

A

^ stroke vol- due to increased stretch of ventricle walls- force of contraction

47
Q

What part of the body gets involved when the heart rate needs to increase or decrease

A

brain gets involved: known as cardiac control or regulation of heart rate

48
Q

What involuntarily regulates heart rate and determines the firing range of the SA node

A

the autonomic nervous system (ANS)

49
Q

What does the cardiac control centre do

A

receives info from sensory nerves and sends direction through motor nerves to change heart rate

50
Q

Name the 3 control mechanisms that determine the action of the CCC

A

-neural control
-intrinsic control
-hormonal control

51
Q

What is the cardiac control centre

A

control centre in the medulla oblongata responsible for HR regulation

52
Q

give a typical resting value for stroke volume for a trained individual

A

80–120ml

53
Q

Name the 2 processes in the cardiac cycle

A

-cardiac diastole
-cardiac systole

54
Q

What is cardiovascular system responsible for

A

delivering oxygen from air to muscle tissues for repsiration

55
Q

What nervous system responds if increase in HR is required

A

-sympathetic nervous system

-responds by releasing adrenaline, noradrenaline,
-stimulating SA node to ^ HR

56
Q

What nervous system is required when there needs to be a decrease in HR

A

parasympathetic

-reduce stimulation of SA node - reducing HR

57
Q

Explain the process that occurs in the sympathetic nervous system to increase HR

A

-SNS -> controlled by CCC

-CCC receives info from receptors

-CCC sends impulses down accelerator nerve to ^ firing rate of SA node

-^ HR

-^ oxygen to working muscles

58
Q

Explain the process that occurs in the parasympathetic nervous system

A

-reduces HR

-controlled by CCC

-CCC recives info from receptors

-CCC send impulse down vagus nerve -> decrease firing rate of SA node

-decreasing HR

-decreasing oxygen to muscles

59
Q

Name the typical resting value for heart rate

A

70- 72 bpm

60
Q

Name the typical resting value for stroke volume for an untrained and trained performer

A

70ml - untrained

100ml - trained

61
Q

Name the typical resting value for cardiac output for an untrained and trained individual

A

5 l/min - untrained

5l/ min - trained

62
Q

What is bradycardia

A

resting heart rate below 60bpm

63
Q

Describe heart rates response to maximal exercise

A

–anticipatory rise before exercise
-rapid increase in heart rate
-slower increase
-rapid decrease
-slower decrease

64
Q

Describe stroke volume during the early stages of recovery

A

-SV = maintained as HR rapidly reduces

-this maintains blood flow & removal of waste products

65
Q

Describe what happens to cardiac output in recovery

A

-rapid decrease followed by slower decrease to resting levels

66
Q

What is the definition of Venous return

A

Return of blood to the right atria through the veins

A+P and Exercise physiology (15 decks)

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