Paper 1 struggles Flashcards
Evaluate conformity types and explanations
+research support ISI (Lucas et al)
+research support NSI (Asch)
-two process approach is oversimplified (isn’t always possible to know if they work
-individual differences NSI (nAffiliators)
Evaluate conformity types and explanations
+research support ISI (Lucas et al)
+research support NSI (Asch)
-two process approach is oversimplified (isn’t always possible to know if they work
-individual differences NSI (nAffiliators)
Outline the findings of variables affecting conformity
group size
unanimity
-group size : with 2 confeds it was 13.6 but with 3 it rose to 31.8%
unanimity : dissenter = 25%
what is a sensory register
storage of information that we receive from our senses
describe proximity in milgrams study with variations (3)
proximity variation :
touch proximity variation:
remote instruction:
original: adjoining rooms - teacher could hear learner but not see
proximity variation : same room dropped from 65% to 40%
touch proximity variation: dropped to 30% when teacher had to force learners hand onto a shock plate
remote instruction: experimenter gave telephones instructions obedience dropped to 30% (also gave fake ones
location in milgrams study with variation
run down building 47.5% ( experimenter has less authority)
uniform in milgrams study
grey lab coat
everyday clothes dropped to 20%
uniform acts as a strong visual authority symbol and cue to behave in an obedient manner
evaluate situational variables
+research has control of variables (systematically altered one variable at a time)
+replicated in other cultures (Miranda et al found over 90% obedience in Spanish students
-obedience alibi (‘excuse for obedience’)
-lack internal validity
Outline agentic state as an explanation for obedience (4)
-occurs when we act in behalf of another person
-opposite of agentic state is autonomous
-agentic shift occurs when a person refers to the authority figure
-binding factors reduce the ‘moral strain of obeying immoral orders.
Outline legitimacy of authority as an explanation for obedience
-we obey people at the top of a social hierarchy
-authorities have legitimacy through society’s agreements
-we hand control of our behaviour over to authority figures due to trust and through upbringing
-charismatic leaders use their legitimate powers for destructive purposes
Evaluate social psychological factors 2.2 (agentic state/loa)
+agentic state explanation has research support ( Blass and Schmidt)
+legitimacy of authority can be used to explain real life obedience (my lai massacre)
-agentic state cannot account for the behaviour of nazis (Mandel 1998 german reserve police battalion
- agentic shift doesn’t explain many of the research findings
describe the authoritarian personality
- a high level of obedience is pathological
-ap includes extreme respect for authority and contempt for ‘inferiors’
-originated in childhood ( eg overly strict parenting)
-hostility towards/ fear of parent sis displaced onto those who are socially inferior
outline the procedure in adornos study
-investigated unconscious attitudes towards other racial groups of more than 2000 middle class white usas
several scales were developed eg
obedience and respect for authority are the most important virtue for children to learn
there is hardly anything lower than a person who does not feel great love gratitude and respect for his parents
outline the conclusions of adornos study
-authoritarians (ppl who scored. high ) = identified with strong and hate for weak
conscious of their own and others status showing excessive respect to those of higher status
cognitive of fixed distinctive stereotypes and no fuzziness between categories
evaluate dispositional explanations (ap)
+support for the link between ap and obedience
-limited (germany
-f scale is politically bias ( christie and jahoda suggest f scale aims to measure tendency towards extreme right wing ideology)
describe social support as resistance to si inc milgram study
-conformity is reduced by a dissenting peer
-effect is not long lasting
-obedience is reduced by one other dissenting partner ( frees the ppt to act from their own conscious milgrams research : independent behaviour increased in the disobedient peer condition ( from 35% to 90%)
what is continuum in locus of control
a construct that is said to be part of our personality. It is a continuum which runs from a strong external locus of control at one end of the continuum to a strong internal locus of control at the other end
evaluate resistance to social influence (loc)
+ research evidence (Asch)
+ research evidence ( Holland repeated milgrams study 37% internals did not continue 23% of externals did)
-role of LOC in resistance may be exaggerated
-not all research supports link between Loc and resistance (more people have become more independent but also more external
outline baddeley coding in STM and LTM
findings / conclusions
acoustically similar or dissimilar
semantically similar words or dissimilar
immediate recall worse with acoustically similar words, STM is acoustic
recall after 20 minute worse with semantically similar words, LTM is semantic
Jacobs capacity of stm
digit span: research reads 4 digits and increased until the ppt cannot recall the order correctly
on avg ppt could repeat back 9.3 numbers and 7.3 letters in the correct order immediately after they were presented
miller capacity of stm
miller made observations of everyday practice. For example, he noted that sings come in sevens eg 7 days of the week , 7 deadly sins
the span of stm is 7 items (plus or minus 2 but can be improved by chunking -
peterson’s and peterson’s duration of stm (count backwards)
24 students were given a constant syllable ( eg YCG) to remember and a 3 digit number to count backwards for 3,6,9,12,15,18 seconds
students recalled (avg) 80% of the syllables correctly with a 3s interval . avg recall aft 18s fell 3%
duration of stm without rehearsal is 18-30s
bahrick et al duration of ltm
ppt were 392 americans aged 17-74
1. recognition test 50 photos from ppts high school yearbook
2. free recall test : ppt listed names of their graduating class
ppt tested 48 years aft graduation were about 70% accurate in photo recognition. Free recall was less accurate
evaluate coding capacity and duration of memory
-baddeleys study didn’t use meaningful material
-Jacobs study was conducted a long time ago( extraneous variables)
-overestimated capacity of stm
+ Bahricks et als study had high external validity but confounding variables
what schaffer and emerson’s find out role of the father
-primary attachment usually with mother (3% father 27% both)
what percent do people eventually form secondary attachments with father
75% by 18 months (indicated by signs of protest when father leaves)
what did grossmann find out in his longitudinal study at parents behaviour and relationships quality of attachment from children to teens
attachment with mother most related to teen attachment
fathers may be less important in long term emotional development
Role of the father: name 2 other roles
-fathers have a different role in attachment ( play and stimulation)
-fathers can be primary caregivers ( field filmed 4 month primary caregivers fathers spent more time smiling, imitating and holding infants more
Role of the father: what is level of response and why important
-smiling, imitating and holding infants help build attachment
- key to attachment relationship is the level of responsiveness not gender
evaluate role of the father
+
-social biases prevent objective observation
-important economic implications
-researchers are interested in different research questions (means psychologists cannot easily answer the simple question )
-fails to provide a clear answer about fathers and primary attachment
Asch (1956) Social support in reducing the social influence
AO3
One of the confederates was instructed to give the correct answer throughout. In this variation, the rate of conformity dropped to 5.5%. This demonstrates that if the real participant has to support for their belief (Socia support), then they are more likely to resist the pressure to conform
spector (1983) Locus of control
Measured locus of control and predisposition to nsi and isi in 157 undergraduate students.
- Found a correlation between locus of control and predisposition to normative social influence, with externals more likely to conform to this form of influence than internals.
- found no relationship
What is a candidate gene in genetic explanations
specific genes which create a vulnerability for OCD
-serotonin
-dopamine genes
these are neurotransmitters and have a role in regulating genes
what is ocd in genetic explanation
polygenic (not caused by one gene but several
describe different types of OCD for other people in genetic explanation
one group may cause OCD in one person but a different group of genes may cause the disorder in another person ( aetiologically heterogeneous)
how does low serotonin affect mood in neural explanation
-neurotransmitters are responsible for relaying information from one neuron to another
-eg if a person has low levels of serotonin then normal transmission of mood revelant information does not take place and mood is affected
how does decision making affect OCD in the frontal lobe
OCD or in hoarding disorder is associated with the impaired decision making
may be associated
with abnormal functioning of the lateral frontal lobes of the brain (responsible for logical thinking)
what functions abnormally in OCD neural explanation
evidence to support that an area called the left parahippocampal gurus associated with processing unpleasant emotions, functions abnormally in OCD
evaluate the bio explanation for OCD
+supporting evidence for neural explanation of OCD
-environmental risk factors are also involved
-serotonin-OCD link may not be unique to OCD
-
bio approach to treating OCD: what died drug therapy for mental disorders aim
to increase or decrease levels of neurotransmitters in the brain or to increase/ decrease their activity
-low levels of serotonin is associated with OCD therefore drugs work to increase the level of serotonin
bio approach to treating OCD: what does selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors does
prevent the reabsorption and breakdown of serotonin in the brain.
This increases its levels in the synapse and thus continues to stimulate the postsynaptic neuron (compensates whatever is wrong with serotonin)
bio approach to treating OCD: what is the typical dosage (SSRI)
SSRI is 20mg but may be increased if it is not benefitting the patient
takes 3-4 months to impact
can be increased to 60mg if this is appropriate
bio approach to treating OCD: what are drugs often used alongside
-CBT to treat OCD
drugs reduce a patients emotional symptoms eg depressed or anxious. This means that patients can engage more effectively with CBT
bio approach to treating OCD: what is an alternative to SSRI
tricyclics are sometimes used
same effect on serotonin system as SSRIs but side effects can be more severe
bio approach to treating OCD: name another alternative SNRI
SNRI - a different class of antidepressants to treat OCD (serotonin noradrenaline reuptake inhibitor)
second line of defence for patients who don’t respond to SSRIs
increase levels of serotonin as well as noradrenaline
evaluate bio approach to treating OCD
+cost effective and non-disruptive
-evidence for drug treatments is unreliable
-some cases of OCD follow trauma
